Lesson 1 Flashcards by Sycily Unknown

one who eats at another ones table

Parasitos

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biology concerned with the phenomenon of
dependence of one living organism on another

Parasitology

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Deals with the parasites that infect humans, the disease caused by them, clinical picture and
response generated by humans against them

Clinical Parasitology

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living together of unlike organisms

Symbiosis

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symbiotic relationship in which two species living together and one species benefits from the relationship without. harming or benefiting the other.

Commensalism

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Two organisms mutually benefit from each other

Mutualism

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Is a symbiotic relationship where one organism, the
parasite lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host

Parasitism

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Example of a parasite that is under parasitism

Entamoeba histolytica

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is an orgasnism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

Parasite

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3 main classes of parasites

Metozoans (helminthes)
Protozoans
Ectoprasites (arthropods)

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is a human or an animal where the parasite lives or gets its nutrients/food from

Host

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parasite living inside the body of a host

Endoparasites

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most medically important parasites are considered

endoparasites

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parasite living outside the body of a host

Ectoparasites

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Example of ectoparasites

Arthropods

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found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

Erratic parasite

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Example of erratic parasite

Entamoeba histolytica

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need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species.

Obligate parasite

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Example of obligate parasite

Tapeworm

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may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

Facultative parasite

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Example of facultative parasite

Strongyloides stercoralis

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capability of a certain organism of creation of male and female gametes

Parthenogenesis

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establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live

Accidental or Incidental Parasite

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Example of accidental parasite

Hymenolepis Diminuta:

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remans on or in the body of the host for its entire life

Permanent parasites

Example of permanent parasite

Trichenella spiralis

lives on the host only for a short period of time

Temporary parasite

is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host

Spurious Parasite

Example of temporary parasites

Ectoparasite

Example of spurious parasite

Entamoeba coli

adaptation to their hosts and the external environment

PARASITE LIFE CYCLE

Common components of parasite life cycle

1. Mode of transmission 2. Infective stage 3. Diagnostic stage

is one which the parasite attains sexual maturity

Definitive or final host

harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

Intermediate host

parasites does not develop further to later stages but may still infect another susceptible host

Paratenic host

Paratenic host example

Paragonimus westermani

allow the parasites life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

Reservoir host

Parasite under reservoir hosts

Balantidium coli (pig)

Parasite under reservoir host

Balantidium coli (pig)

are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another

Vectors

transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host • Ex. Aedes mosquito & filariasis

Biologic Vector

Vector that only transports the parasite • Ex. flies & cockroaches

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

What is the hierarchical system called for parasite.?

Linnaean hierarchical scheme

Enumerate the linnaean hierarchical scheme

o Domain o Kingdom o Phylum o Class o Order o Family o Genus o Species

Nomenclature

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

• Kingdom animalia • Multicellular, macroscopic organisms • Mainly undergo sexual reproduction • Either helminths or article

Metazoan

• Kingdom Protista • Unicellular, microscopic organisms • Mainly undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction • Provided with a nucleus, cytoplasm, an outer limiting membrane, organelles.

Protozoan

Effects of the parasite on the host

Secretory and excretory products Invasion and Destruction of Host Tissue Stimulates host’s immune response Intestinal obstruction Deprivation of essential nutrients and substances

HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

HOST’S GENETIC MAKEUP NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE HOST

an organism that has demonstrated the ability to cause disease

Pathogens

the capacity of the organism to cause disease

Pathogenicity

harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

Carrier

the process of inoculating the infective agent

Exposure

results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Autoinfection

results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Autoinfection

when the already infected individual is further infected with the same specie leading to massive infection with parasite

Superinfection or hyperinfection

SOURCES OF INFECTION

1. Contaminated soil o ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichuria, strongyloides stercoralis 2. Contaminated water o amoeba 3. Contaminated food o Paragonimus infection 4. Arthropods - mosquitos o Wuchereria bancrofti 5. Wild and domesticated animals o pigs and cattle (tapeworms) 6. Human o beddings and clothing, oneself, STI such as Trichomonas vaginalis

study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease

EPIDEMIOLOGY

number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.

Incidence

number of individual in population estimated to be infected

Prevalence

burden of infection in which is related to the number of worms per infected person

Intensity of Infection or Worm Burden

clinical consequences or disease that affect an individual

Morbidity

use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or public health program

Deworming

Types of deworming

o selective treatment o targeted treatment o universal treatment

constant deworming

Morbidity Control

Number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative

Cure rate

fall in egg counts after deworming

Egg reduction rate

Proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

Coverage

Effect of a drug against an infective agent

Efficacy

Measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent

Effectiveness

A health education strategy that aims to encourage peopleto adapt and maintain healthy life practices

Information-Education Communication (IEC)

Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors

Environmental management

Interventions to reduce environmental health risks

Environmental sanitation

Provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta

Sanitation

Permanent reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

Eradication

Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area as a result of deliberate efforts

Elimination

Unicellular organism

Protozoan

Unicellular organism

Protozoan

Multicellular organism

Metazoan

complete or permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection

Disease Eradication

complete or permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection

Disease Eradication

reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area.

Disease Elimination