Lesson 1 Flashcards
involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of previous philosophers, truly understanding the works and the reasoning behind the works, and possibly building on the works of previous philosophers by expanding or testing this methodology.
Doing philosophy
is derived from two Greek words, ‘Philos’ means love and ‘Sophia’ means wisdom.
PHILOSOPHY
means “love of wisdom.”
PHILOSOPHY
means love
‘Philos’
means wisdom
‘Sophia’
is an activity in pursuit of wisdom
Philosophy
was said to have been the first man to call himself a philosopher
Pythagoras
According to _______ is “The love of wisdom that can face the test of critical discussions”
Philosophy
founder of Academy
Plato
founder of Academy
Willim James
According to ________, Philosophy is “The collective name for questions that have not been answered to the satisfaction of all that have asked them”
Willim James
One of the giants among twentieth-century philosophers
Rudolf Carnap
According to ________, Philosophy is “A theory of the scientific use of language”
Rudolf Carnap
Father of History
Herodutos
According to ________, Philosophy is “The love of exercising one’s curiosity and intelligence”
Herodutos
are questions that do not have definite or ready answers.
PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION
When we ask _______, we do not simply inquire about a specific question for it always contains a bigger problem.
philosophical questions
are questions that are specific and have ready/ exact answers.
Non Philosophical questions
It can also be answered using experiment.
Non Philosophical questions
implies developing in a particular way, a sense of perspective, the understanding that you are a part of something bigger, that things are connected.
philosophical questions
are more specific.
Non Philosophical questions
is not one dimensional or partial.
Philosophy
According to him, “A scientific question is always confined to the particular, whereas a philosophical question leads into the totality of beings and inquires into the whole.”
Martin Heidegger
According to him, To philosophize is to look at life from a holistic perspective.
Martin Heidegger
– Look at only a limited number of aspects of the given problem or situation.
Partial Point of View
Conclusions are made based on considering some but not all sides of the problem or situations.
Partial Point of View
A parent scolds daughter A after daughter B accused her of not doing her homework. However, the parent listened to the story of daughter B and not listening to daughter A before scolding her.
Partial Point of View
Specific concerns/ details
Partial Point of View
Look at all aspects of the given problem or situation.
Holistic Point of View
All aspects are tied in together to form a general overview of the problem or situation.
Holistic Point of View
Whole/ bigger picture
Holistic Point of View
A teacher listens first to both stories of her two arguing students before making any conclusion about the issue.
Holistic Point of View
A teacher listens first to both stories of her two arguing students before making any conclusion about the issue.
Holistic Point of View
A medical practitioner who cares on the health of the entire body and mind of a patient do not just see on the damage part of the body
Holistic Point of View
Major Branches of Philosophy
ETHICS, AESTHETICS, EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC
derived from the Greek term “ethos” meaning, custom.
Ethics
concerned about human conduct
Ethics
A philosophical study on the morality (goodness ) of human actions (conduct)
Ethics
it deals with norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior
normative study
it prescribes what we ought to do rather than describes what people do
prescriptive
Derived from the Greek word “aisthetikos” meaning, sensitive or perceptive
AESTHETICS
Analysis is directed toward the nature of aesthetic judgement, standards of beauty and objectivity of standards.
AESTHETICS
Analyze whether beauty is based on utility, experience, form, pleasure or expression.
AESTHETICS
Example: What is beauty? - Who should judge what is beautiful or artistic?
AESTHETICS
Derived from Greek word “episteme” meaning, knowledge.
EPISTEMOLOGY
Distinction between belief and knowledge, nature of truth, problems of perception, external world and meaning and other minds.
EPISTEMOLOGY
Deals with the various problems concerning knowledge
EPISTEMOLOGY
Origin of knowledge
Empiricism, Rationalism, Verification or confirmation of knowledge
given by experience
Empiricism
given by the mind prior to experience
Rationalism
Rules for thinking – the systematic principles (or rules) for thinking rationally.
LOGIC
It incorporates the analysis of methods of deduction and induction to provide rules on how people ought to think logically.
LOGIC
Derived from Greek word ________ meaning, knowledge.
“episteme”
Derived from the Greek word ___________ meaning, sensitive or perceptive
“aisthetikos”
derived from the Greek term __________ meaning, custom.
“ethos”
Based on widely accepted facts or premises.
Deductive reasoning
Based on the information the premises provide. Reached by applying logical rules to the premises.
Deductive reasoning
If the premises are true, conclusion must be true
Deductive reasoning
Use mainly in logical problems. One need facts which are definitely true.
Deductive reasoning
Bachelors are unmarried men. Sir Christian is unmarried. Therefore, sir Christian is bachelor.
Deductive reasoning
Cacti are plants, and all plants perform photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis.
Deductive reasoning
Based on observation.
Inductive reasoning
More general than the information the premises provide. Reached by generalizing the premises’ information.
Inductive reasoning
If the premises are true, conclusion is probably true.
Inductive reasoning
Used in everyday life (fast and easy) evidence is used instead of proved facts.
Inductive reasoning
I have seen many students in this school arguing with their teachers. Students in this school are disrespectful.
Inductive reasoning
Every teacher we’ve seen in DBHS were friendly. All teacher in DBHS must be friendly.
Inductive reasoning
Literary means “after physics”
METAPHYSICS
Deals with the study of existence/ nature of reality.
METAPHYSICS
It analyses whether everything is material, and if life, energy and mind are their manifestations.
METAPHYSICS
Example: Does God exist? What is reality?
METAPHYSICS
Example: Does God exist? What is reality?
METAPHYSICS
They reflect on the subject of appearances ( how something looks by how it appears)
and reality ( that which actually is)
Metaphysicians
The study of human values and how individuals should act.
Ethics
Ex. - How do we determine human rights?
Ethics
Ex. - Cheating is wrong.
Ethics
Theory of forms by pure reason.
( concept versus reality)
Ethics
Ethics philosopher
Plato , Virtue-based eudaemonistic conception
The study beauty and art
Aesthetics
Ex. How is painting priced?
Aesthetics
Aesthetics Philosopher
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Art is an experience
Theory of Aesthetics
Art of interpretation
Ex. Rock music is the best kind of music.
Aesthetics
The study of knowledge (how we learn and what we can know)
Epistemology
Ex. How do we know what we know?
Epistemology
Philosopher of Epistemology
Rene Descartes, Cogito ergu sum
“ I think therefore I am”
The theory of solving of geometrical problems by algebraic expressions
Epistemology
The study of rules of valid reasoning and argumentation
Logic
Ex. All men are mortal
No gods are mortal
Therefore, no men are gods.
Logic
Logic Philosopher
Aristotle, formal system of reasoning (syllogism)
Other fields of Logic
Zoology and classifications of species
The study of existence / nature of reality beyond what is physical.
Metaphysics
Ex. - What is the origin of universe?
- God exist.
Metaphysics
Metaphysics Philosopher
Thales of Miletus
Theory of Metaphysics
Everything is made up of water.
DOMAINS OF TRUTH
Objective Domain/ Scientific, Social Domain, Personal Domain
truths are tested against empirical evidence.
Objective Domain/ Scientific
Ex. constant acceleration of free falling body (9.8m/s2)
Objective Domain/ Scientific
truths are tested against their acceptability to a particular group in a particular time in history and are embedded in our society such that they are hardly questioned by anyone.
Social Domain
truths are tested against the consistency and authenticity of the person who claims it.
Personal Domain
This is precarious domain of truth because no one can access to our minds and thoughts except ourselves.
Personal Domain
NATURE OF TRUTH
Correspondence Theory of Truth, Coherence Theory of truth, Pragmatic Theory of Truth
the key truth is the relation (or correspondence) between propositions and the world.
Correspondence Theory of Truth
A belief is true if there exists an appropriate entity or a fact- to which it corresponds. If there is no such entity, the belief is false.
Correspondence Theory of Truth
Ex. There is the statue of Dr. Jose Rizal at Lagawe plaza. T
There is a water fountain in front of the Provincial capitol of Ifugao. F
Correspondence Theory of Truth
the truth conditions of a proposition are based on other propositions (as opposed to the correspondence theory where the truth are based on facts of features of objective world)
Ex. 1 + 1 = 2 ½(6 ) + 10 = 13
Coherence Theory of truth
Ex. 1 + 1 = 2 ½(6 ) + 10 = 13
Coherence Theory of truth
Truth is arrived at based on beliefs that lead to the best payoff, give the ultimate benefit or advantage or promote success.
Pragmatic Theory of Truth
proposition is true if it is useful to believe it.
Pragmatic Theory of Truth
Ex. A dream board is necessary for dreams to come true.
True if a person believe that his/her dreams will come true with dream board.
False if a person do not believe on visualization to achieve his/her dream
Pragmatic Theory of Truth
According to him, “ The unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates
is the venue for pursuing an examined life by reflecting upon issues and problems in life, which are philosophical in nature.
Philosophical inquiry
