lesson 1

Question 1

gyri

Answer 1

a fold or a wrinkle in the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 2

sulcus

Answer 2

a groove in the surface of an organ

Question 3

longitudinal cerebral fissure

Answer 3

separates the left and right hemisphere of the brain, It runs along the midline from the front (frontal lobe) to the back (occipital lobe) of the brain.

Question 4

fissure

Answer 4

(a deep median groove )

Question 5

diencephalon

Answer 5

smaller part of the forebrain that underlies the cerberum medially

Question 6

cerebrum

Answer 6

the most prominent part of the forebrain

Question 7

cerebellum

Answer 7

second largest part of the brain; separated by the transversal cranial fissure

Question 8

brainstem

Answer 8

it consists of the major part of the brain excluding the forebrain and cerebellum. it has three parts - pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain

Question 9

ventricles

Answer 9

the four chambers of brain

Question 10

lateral ventricle

Answer 10

these are the two largest and the most rostral ones, they form an arc shaped in each hemisphere

Question 11

how is the lateral ventricle connected to the third ventricle

Answer 11

through a tiny pore called interventricular foramen, each lateral ventricle is connected to the third ventricle

Question 12

third ventricle

Answer 12

a narrow median space inferior to the corpus callosum

Question 13

how does the third ventricle attach to the fourth ventricle

Answer 13

through a canal called the cerebral aqueduct passes down the core of midbrain and leads to the fourth ventricle

Question 14

Choroid Plexus

Answer 14

Location: Found in the walls of the lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.
Structure: It consists of specialized ependymal cells and blood vessels.
Function: The choroid plexus produces the majority of the CSF.

Question 15

purpose of CSF

Answer 15

Buoyancy. chemical stability and protection

Question 16

the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 16

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and the insula

Question 17

describe the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 17

there are two cerebral hemispheres separated by the longitudinal cerebral fissure, but they are connected by the corpus callosum, the groove in the hemisphere allows a greater amount of cortex inside the cranial cavity.

Question 18

the frontal lobe

Answer 18

• location- it lies immediately behind the frontal bone, superior to the eyes. from the skull it extends caudally to a wavy vertical groove called the Central Sulcus

Question 19

function of frontal lobe

Answer 19

*function - seat of our conscious thought; explicit or declarative memory, mood motivation, foresight planning, decision making judging and control. in speech production and the voluntary control of most muscles

Question 20

location of parietal bone

Answer 20

uppermost part of the brain, underlies the parietal bone

Question 21

function of parietal bone

Answer 21

it is concerned with taste, sensation, visual processing; correlating sounds with sights and making sense of the world (different from the OL as it only comprehends or processes the knowledge received by the OL). spatial perception, body orientation, language processing and numerical awareness

Question 22

location of occipital lobe

Answer 22

at the rear of the head, underlying the occipital lobe

Question 23

function of occipital lobe

Answer 23

Center of the visual stimuli, where we first become aware of the visual stimuli and process them to identify what we see.

Question 24

Difference bw the visual function of OL and PL

Answer 24

*Occipital Lobe: Primarily processes raw visual data (color, shape, light, motion) through the primary visual cortex. It’s focused on detecting and organizing visual input.
*Parietal Lobe: Integrates visual information into a higher-level understanding, allowing us to recognize objects in space, understand their relationships, and act accordingly. It processes spatial relationships and helps with actions and coordination (via the dorsal stream).

Question 25

location of temporal lobe

Answer 25

lateral horizontal bone deep to the temporal bone, separated by the FL and PL by a deep lateral sulcus

Question 26

function of the temporal lobe

Answer 26

it is concerned with hearing, smelling, emotion, learning, language comprehension and memory of the grammar we speak. storage of visual, verbal and auditory memories

Question 27

location of insula

Answer 27

a small mass of cortex deep to the lateral sulcus only visible by cutting the overlying cerebrum

Question 28

function of insula

Answer 28

it plays a role in taste pain, consciousness, cardiovascular homeostasis.

Question 29

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Sulcus)

Answer 29

The central sulcus is a prominent groove that runs roughly laterally from the top of the brain, extending downward and separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Question 30

cerebral white matter

Answer 30

it is composed of neuroglia and myelinated nerve fibers that transmits signals from one part of the cerebrum to the other parts and from the cerebrum to the lower brain.

Question 31

the three kinds of fibers or tracts onside the white matter

Answer 31

1. projection tracts 2. commissural tracts 3. association tracts

Question 32

projection tracts

Answer 32

These connect different areas within the same hemisphere of the brain.

Question 33

commissural tracts

Answer 33

These connect corresponding regions in the left and right hemispheres (e.g., the corpus callosum).

Question 34

association tracts

Answer 34

These extend from the cortex to lower brain regions and the spinal cord, transmitting sensory and motor signals.

Question 35

cerebral cortex

Answer 35

it consist of two types of neurons- stellate cells and pyramid cells.

Question 36

what is neural integration

Answer 36

Neural integration is the process by which the brain and nervous system combine and process incoming signals

Question 37

which organs have neural integration

Answer 37

the neural integration is carried out by the grey matter which is found in three places- the basal nuclei, the cerebral cortex and the limbic system.

Question 38

what is stellate cells

Answer 38

they are spheroid cell bodies with short axons and cell bodies. they receive sensory input and process information on a local level.

Question 39

what are pyramid cells

Answer 39

they are tall and conical, they have thick dendrite with many branches and small knobby dendrites. these include the output neurons of the cerebrum that leave the cortex and join the CNS

Question 40

the basal nuclei

Answer 40

these are the masses of grey matter buried deep into the white matter aka basal ganglia consist of three structures- putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus

Question 41

limbic system