Lesson 1 Flashcards
What is the Cognitive Information Processing Theory?
The Cognitive Information Processing Theory refers to the proposed multistage theory of memory.
Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?
John William Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed the multi-store model in 1968.
What are the three subsections of human memory in the multi-store model?
The three subsections are Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and Long-Term Memory.
What is Sensory Memory?
Sensory Memory holds information perceived through senses such as visual, olfactory, or auditory information.
What happens to sensory information that engages attention?
When sensory information engages attention, it is transferred to short-term memory.
How long does information last in Short-Term Memory?
Information in short-term memory lasts around 30 seconds.
What factors affect processing information in Short-Term Memory?
Cognitive abilities, attention, and focus on important information affect processing.
What role does repetition play in memory?
Repetition significantly helps the ability to remember details for a long time.
What is Long-Term Memory?
Long-Term Memory is thought to have unlimited space for storing memories from a long time ago.
What are various methods used to store information in long-term memory?
Methods include repetition, connecting information, relating information to meaningful experiences, and breaking up information into smaller chunks.
What are the factors affecting cognitive development in children?
Factors include biological (birth weight, nutrition, infectious diseases), socio-economic (parental assets, income, education), environmental (home environment, play materials, healthcare access), and psychosocial (parental mental health, interactions, cognitive stimulation, learning opportunities).
What is language development?
Language development is the process through which children acquire the ability to process speech and communicate.
What are the stages of language development?
The stages include: 1. Pre-linguistic stage (0-6 months), 2. Babbling stage (6-9 months), 3. Holophrastic stage (9-18 months), 4. Two-word stage (18+ months).
What occurs during the pre-linguistic stage?
Children communicate with sounds, cry, make cooing sounds, and recognize voices and facial expressions.
What happens during the babbling stage?
Children begin to babble, making noises and syllables that aren’t yet words, while developing mouth muscles and teeth.
What characterizes the holophrastic stage?
Children say single words that describe objects and identify basic needs, such as saying ‘dada’ to get their dad’s attention.
What is the two-word stage?
Children can speak two-word sentences that usually have some meaning, like ‘more food’ at the table.
What is the telegraphic stage?
The telegraphic stage occurs between the ages of 24 and 30 months. Children can speak phrases that are longer and have more than two elements.
Example: A child might say ‘The cat stands up on the table.’
What characterizes the multi-word stage?
Beyond 30 months, children enter the multi-word stage where they build increasingly complex sentences and incorporate morphemes.
Example: They use ‘dogs’ instead of ‘dog’ when referring to more than one dog.
What ability develops during the telegraphic stage?
Children develop the ability to understand basic instructions, including two-part orders like ‘go to your table and get your books.’
What is the age range for the telegraphic stage?
The telegraphic stage occurs between the ages of 24 and 30 months.
Who is Alfred Binet?
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist credited with inventing the first reliable intelligence test.
What years did Alfred Binet live?
Alfred Binet lived from 1857 to 1911.
What was Binet’s contribution to psychology?
Binet played an important role in the development of experimental psychology.
What areas did Binet and Simon focus on in their intelligence test?
They focused on areas not explicitly taught in the classroom, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.
How many questions were included in the Binet-Simon Scale?
The Binet-Simon Scale included 30 questions.
What is an example question from the Binet-Simon Scale?
An example question is asking about the difference between ‘boredom’ and ‘weariness.’
What is the significance of the Binet-Simon Scale?
The Binet-Simon Scale was the first recognized IQ test.
What is general intelligence?
General intelligence, also known as the general factor or g factor, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures.
Who developed the two-factor theory of general intelligence?
Psychologist Charles Spearman helped develop the two-factor theory of general intelligence.
What does Spearman’s two-factor theory state?
Spearman’s two-factor theory states that general intelligence or ‘g’ is correlated with specific abilities or ‘s’ to some degree.
What are the components of general intelligence?
The components of general intelligence include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
What is fluid reasoning?
Fluid reasoning involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.
What is knowledge in the context of general intelligence?
Knowledge is a person’s general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence.
What is quantitative reasoning?
Quantitative reasoning is an individual’s capacity to solve problems that involve numbers.
What is visual-spatial processing?
Visual-spatial processing relates to a person’s abilities to interpret and manipulate visual information, such as putting together puzzles and copying complex shapes.
Who focused on primary mental abilities?
Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a single, general ability.
What is working memory?
Working memory involves the use of short-term memory, such as being able to repeat a list of items.
What is general intelligence?
General intelligence, also known as the general factor or g factor, refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures.
Who developed the two-factor theory of general intelligence?
Psychologist Charles Spearman helped develop the two-factor theory of general intelligence.
What does Spearman’s two-factor theory state?
Spearman’s two-factor theory states that general intelligence or ‘g’ is correlated with specific abilities or ‘s’ to some degree.
What are the components of general intelligence?
The components of general intelligence include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
What is fluid reasoning?
Fluid reasoning involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.
What is knowledge in the context of general intelligence?
Knowledge is a person’s general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence.
What is quantitative reasoning?
Quantitative reasoning is an individual’s capacity to solve problems that involve numbers.
What is visual-spatial processing?
Visual-spatial processing relates to a person’s abilities to interpret and manipulate visual information, such as putting together puzzles and copying complex shapes.
Who focused on primary mental abilities?
Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a single, general ability.
What is working memory?
Working memory involves the use of short-term memory, such as being able to repeat a list of items.
