Lesson 1 Flashcards
is the scientific study of behavior and men- tal processes.
Psychology
a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events
Theory
research conducted without concern for immediate applications
Pure Research
research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems
applied research
help people with psycho- logical disorders adjust to the demands of life.
Clinical Psychologists
use interviews and tests to define their clients’ problems. Their clients typically have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders.
Counseling Psychologists
are employed by school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning.
School Psychologists
attempt to facilitate learning, but they usually focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than on individual children.
Educational Psychologists
study the changes— physical, cognitive, social, and emotional—that occur throughout the life span.
Developmental Psychologist
identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.
Personality Psychologist
are concerned with the nature and causes of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.
Social Psychologist
study the ways that people and the environment—the natural environment and the human-made environment—influence one another.
Environmental Psychologists
specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learn- ing and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion.
Experimental Psychologist
focus on the relationships between people and work.
Industrial Psychologist
study the behavior of people in organizations such as businesses.
Organizational Psychologists
make technical systems such as automobile dashboards and computer keyboards more user-friendly.
Human Factors Psychologist
study the behavior of shoppers in an effort to predict and influence their behavior.
Consumer Psychologist
study the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular dis- ease, and cancer.
Health Psychologist
apply psychology to the criminal justice system.
Forensic Psychologists
apply psychology to the criminal justice system.
Forensic Psychologists
help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, use cogni- tive strategies such as positive visualization (imagin- ing themselves making the right moves) to enhance performance, and avoid choking under pressure.
Sport Psychologist
He argued that science could rationally treat only information gathered by the senses.
Aristotle
suggested that we could think of behavior in terms of a body and a mind.
Democritus
careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions—to gain self- knowledge.
Introspection
attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.
Structuralism
He focused on the rela-
tion between conscious experience and behavior.
William James
which focused on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.
Functionalism
is the school of psychology that
focuses on learning observable behavior.
Behaviorism
He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so—that is, their behavior has a positive outcome.
B. F Skinner
a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response
reinforcement
Founders of Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer
Kurt Koffka
Wolfgang Köhler
focused on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solv- ing.
Gestalt Psychologist
The German word Gestalt translates roughly to
Pattern or Organized whole
showed that we tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur.
Gestalt Psychologist
