Lesson 1

Question 1

What is the scientific study of psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos?

Answer 1

Filipino psychology (sikolohiyang Pilipino in Filipino)

This is the term used to refer to psychology in the context of the Filipino culture.

Question 2

Considered as the father of sikolohiyang Pilipino , who identified the following as the subject matter of this formal indigenous psychology.

Answer 2

Virgilio G. Enriquez

Question 3

Includes both emotive and cognitive experience

Answer 3

kamalayan or consciousness

Question 4

Awareness of one ’ s immediate surroundings

Answer 4

ulirat or awareness

Question 5

Refers to knowledge and understanding.

Answer 5

isip

Question 6

Includes habits and behavior

Answer 6

diwa

Question 7

Translates to soul of a people

Answer 7

kalooban or emotions or feelings; and kaluluwa or psyche

Question 8

What year does sikolohiyang Pilipino started as a movement within psychology and other related disciplines.

Answer 8

1970’s

Question 9

What are the 4 aims to address the colonial background of psychology in the Philippines, sikolohiyang Pilipino focuses on the following themes:

Answer 9

(a) identity and national consciousness;

(b) social awareness and involvement;

(c) national and ethnic cultures and languages, including the study of traditional psychology; and

(d) bases and application of indigenous psychology in health practices, agriculture, art, mass media, and religion but also including the psychology of behavior and human abilities as originated in Western psychology but applicable to the local setting

Question 10

This movement has three primary areas of protest.

Answer 10

First, as a sikolohiya ng pagbabagong-isip
(psychology of re-awakening)

Second, as sikolohiyang malaya (liberated psychology)

Last, as a sikolohiyang mapagpalaya (liberating psychology)

Question 11

What are the following subject matter of this formal indigenous psychology?

Answer 11

• kamalayan or consciousness
• ulirat or awareness
• isip
• diwa
• kalooban or emotions or feelings; and kaluluwa or psyche

Question 12

The movement is against a psychology that perpetuates colonialmentality and promotes the decolonization of the Filipino mind as a stage in the development of national consciousness.

Answer 12

sikolohiya ng pagbabagong-isip (psychology of re-awakening)

Question 13

It is against the importation and imposition of a psychology that has been developed in, and is more appropriate to, industrialized countries.

Answer 13

Sikolohiyang malaya (liberated psychology)

Question 14

The movement is against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses.

Answer 14

Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya (liberating psychology)

Question 15

Sikolohiyang Pilipino is built on psychological knowledge that:

Answer 15

(a) arose from within the culture;
(b) reflects local behaviors;
(c) can be interpreted within a local frame of reference; and
(d) yields results that are locally relevant

Question 16

Enriquez ( 1978 ) proposed that sikolohiyang Pilipino knowledge can be borne out of two processes:

Answer 16

indigenization from without
and indigenization from within

Question 17

It’s the more common approach used in knowledge and technology transfer.

Answer 17

Indigenization from without

Question 18

The similar concept of indigenization from without, the practice of validating research throughm systematic replication in multiple cultures.

Answer 18

cultural validation

Question 19

Formalizes Filipinos’ implicit psychological theories, knowledge, methods, and practices developed with the local culture as basis (local culture as source).

Enriquez also used the term cultural revalidation to refer to this process.

Answer 19

Indigenization from within

Question 20

What’s another term that Enriquez refer to indigenization from within.

Answer 20

cultural revalidation

Question 21

To frame the efforts in sikolohiyang Pilipino to formalize indigenous psychology in the Philippines, it is important to look into the attempts to:

Answer 21

1) develop indigenous concepts and frameworks; and
2) adapt, develop, and use culturally appropriate instruments and methods.

Question 22

Enriquez ( 1978 ) presented what is considered to be a core concept in Filipino psychology.

It is a recognition of shared identity, an inner self shared
with others.

Answer 22

Kapwa

Question 23

The recognition starts with the self and not from others. True or False

Answer 23

True

Question 24

It emphasize the core-ness of kapwa, Enriquez ( 1992 ) constructed a fairly elaborate system of values, all deriving from kapwa. These are the three-tiered value structure that Enriquez’s attempt to demonstrate the relative importance of the values.

Answer 24

(core, surface, and societal)

Question 25

The pivotal interpersonal value which is “ necessarily tied to the operation of all the surface values” and have a higher-order importance than the surface values.

Answer 25

pakikiramdam (shared inner perception)

Question 26

It is expected to be the least important in comparison to both kapwa and pakikiramdam .

Answer 26

surface values

Question 27

Involves tentative, exploratory and improvisatory behavior intended to avoid offending or hurting other people

Answer 27

Pakikiramdam

Question 28

“A person high in pakikiramdam is  often described as thoughtful and caring while a person low in pakikiramdam could be accused  of being thoughtless and  uncaring” True or False?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Exhibit behaviors that are inappropriate to the situation and would not sense, intentionally or otherwise, if they had offended or hurt the other person.

Answer 29

Low pakikiramdam

Question 30

Enriquez coined this term to refer to a set of values that are easily obvious, especially to the notice of outsiders (non-Filipinos), but not necessarily the most important ones.

Answer 30

surface values

Question 31

These accessibility of the accommodative surface values would lead foreigners to assume that Filipinos are other-oriented.

Answer 31

( pakikisama , hiya , and utang na loob )

Question 32

Non-Filipinos may also fail to note that confrontative surface values are equally important to Filipinos when situations call for asserting one ’ s individual rights.

Answer 32

( bahala na , pakikibaka , and lakas ng loob )

Question 33

The corresponding neglect of the counterpart of accommodative values , the confrontative ones, painted a distorted and incomplete view of the Filipino, which Enriquez ( 1990 ) termed as;

Answer 33

Pasukong Pilipino (the submissive Filipino).

Question 34

This image, when perpetuated, was suspiciously more beneficial to the colonial masters than to Filipinos themselves.

Answer 34

pasukong Pilipino (the submissive Filipino)

Question 35

The linking sociopersonal value, predisposes a person to be attuned to the needs and purposes of the larger collective: the society.

Answer 35

Kagandahang-loob

Question 36

A person who values kagandahang-loob is also likely to value karangalan (dignity), katarungan (justice), and kalayaan (freedom) in society. True or False?

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The structure of Filipino values, levels and modes of social interaction have also been identified (Santiago & Enriquez, 1976 )

Answer 37

Ibang Tao (“outsider”) and Hindi Ibang Tao (“one-of-us”)

Question 38

The observation of food sharing during a town fiesta (feast) revealed a progression of relationships that is evident in the quality of interactions expressed in the meals, with pakikitungo as the shallowest and pakikiisa as the deepest.

Answer 38

Ethnoscientific participant

Question 39

Enriquez was quick to aver that interactions with the ibang tao and hindi ibang tao can still be subsumed under an umbrella term:

Answer 39

pakikipagkapwa

Question 40

A methods derived from Filipinos’ cultural ways of gathering information. What are these three methods are worth elucidating because of their more frequent use:

Answer 40

pagtatanung-tanong (asking around); pakikipag- kuwentuhan (exchanging stories); and ginabayang talakayan (indigenous facilitated discussion).

Question 41

The researcher engages the participant in a more unstructured and interactive questioning session (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are discouraged; instead, questions to be asked should be based on participants’ prior responses themselves.

Answer 41

pagtatanung-tanong

Question 42

It requires the researcher to motivate participants to narrate their experiences about an episode or event (Orteza, 1997 ). The interactions could be between the researcher and a participant or between a researcher and a group of people.

Answer 42

pakikipagkuwentuhan

Question 43

Is a combination of a community dialog, focused group discussion, and group attestation. One particular feature of this set of methods is its dependence on face-to-face interactions (both verbal and non-verbal) between researcher and participants.

Answer 43

ginabayang talakayan

Question 44

Proposed that sikolohiyang Pilipino research should strive to be maka-Pilipino (for the interests of the Filipino).

Answer 44

Santiago and Enriquez ( 1982 )

Question 45

It ensure this, researchers should be guided by the use of two “scales”:

Answer 45

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (researcher–method scale) and Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok (researcher– participant relationship scale).

Question 46

The researcher–method scale represents a range of methods that vary in their obtrusiveness:

Answer 46

the less obtrusive ( pagmamasid or observation) to more obtrusive ( pakikilahok or participation).

Question 47

A number of principles guiding sikolohiyang Pilipino research have been identified (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000 ):

Answer 47

1) research participants have to be treated as equal, if not superior, to the researchers; 2) welfare of the participants takes precedence over any information taken from them; 3) appropriateness (and not its sophistication) to the intended population should be the primary basis for selecting methods; and 4) the language of the participants should be the language of the research.

Question 48

Ibang Tao (“outsider”) category:

Answer 48

1) Pakikitungo : civility ; 2) Pakikisalamuha : act of  mixing; 3)  Pakikilahok : act of joining; 4) Pakikibagay : conformity; 5) Pakikisama : being united with the group.

Question 49

Hindi Ibang Tao (“one-of-us”) category:

Answer 49

1) Pakikipagpalagayang-loob : act of mutual trust; 2) Pakikisangkot : act of joining others; 3)  Pakikipagkaisa : being one with others.

Question 50

This is not just simple other-orientedness. Enriquez also proposed that thisrecognition of sharedness with another is a core value among Filipinos.

Answer 50

Kapwa

Question 51

This is not just simple other-orientedness. Enriquez also proposed that thisrecognition of sharedness with another is a core value among Filipinos.

Answer 51

Kapwa