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BIOPROCESS > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what is bioprocessing

A

Bioprocessing involves the use of living systems such as microorganisms and plants to produce valuable compounds, drugs, and chemicals for human use. Fermentation, often regarded as the foundation of biotechnology, plays a central role in these industrial processes.

Bioprocessing uses living systems like microorganism, plants to produce compounds, drugs and chemicals useful to humans. Through fermentation is the “backbone of biotechnology” in the industrial processes.

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2
Q

What is Industrial biotechnology?

A

Exploitation of enzymes, microorganisms, plants to produce energy, industrial chemicals and consumer goods.

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3
Q

It is based on the expectation that renewable plant-derived carbohydrates, lipids, and other compounds can displace a significant fraction of petroleum and other fossil fuels that are currently the raw material and energy basis of modern industrial societies.

A

Industrial paradigm

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4
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic compounds through the action of enzymes.

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5
Q

The term fermentation comes from the latin word blank means blank

A

fervere, to boil

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6
Q

The first industrial process

A

Alcohol production using yeast

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7
Q

Four groups of microbial products

A

Microbial cell (biomass)
Microbial metabolites
Microbial enzymes
Recombinant product & transformation process

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8
Q

Such as the baker’s yeast and single cell protein were used as human or animal food. It became the source of protein in animal feeds.

A

Biomass

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9
Q

What is the use of baker’s yeast now adays?

A

it is used as a leavening ingredient in bakery products. it is also used in ethanol fermentation.

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10
Q

Two types of microbial metabolites

A

Primary metabolites
Secondary metabolites

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11
Q

Is on example of microbial enzymes produced by Rhizopus chinensis

A

cheese production

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12
Q

Example of Microbial enzymes

A

Pectinases
Amylases
cellulases
Proteases
B-glucanase

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13
Q

Are produced during the stationary phase, which do not appear to have any function in cell metabolisms.

A

Secondary metabolites

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14
Q

Are produced during the log phase which are essential to the growth of the microorganisms.

A

Primary metabolites

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15
Q

Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Filamentous fungi are the most common host used for such systems.

A

Recombinant products

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16
Q

Example of primary metabolites

A

amino acid, nucleotides, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

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17
Q

In this wave the first-large breweries were created from the early 1700s when Egyptians used the first wooden vast of 1500-barrel capacity for wine production.

A

First wave

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18
Q

Examples of recombinant products

A

Interferons, insulin, Albumin, Human sebum, Calf Chymosin, Bovine somatostatin, Epidermal growth factors

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19
Q

Convinced the scientific world of the important use of microorganisms in the process.

A

Pasteur

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20
Q

Had first investigated the role of yeast in the alcoholic fermentation.

A

Cagniard-latour, Schwann, Kutzing

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21
Q

Pioneered his work on pure culture isolation.

A

Hansen

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22
Q

The father of Industrial fermentation and the one who established aseptic fermentation during the first world war to produce acetone butanol.

A

Weizmann

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23
Q

The use of single-cell protein using hydrocarbon and other feedstocks was introduced to improve the production of products.

A

The Fourth wave

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24
Q

Was the beginning of the pure culture inoculation and pasteurization.

A

The Second wave

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25
Q

Are monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope and are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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26
Q

During this time, the penicillin was discovered and massively produced in submerged culture under aseptic conditions because of antibacterial medicine during war time. It was the most significant change in fermentation technology that results in large production of other important commercial products.

A

The Third wave

27
Q

The first licensed monoclonal antibody was approved in 1986 for use in preventing kidney transplant rejection.

A

Orthoclone OKT3

28
Q

How Orthoclone OKT3 works?

A

It is a monoclonal mouse IgG2a antibody whose cognate antigen is CD3. It works by binding to and blocking the effects of CD3 expressed on T-lymphocytes.

29
Q

How mAb treatment works?

A

It can block the virus that causes covid 19 from entering cells in your body and limit the amount of the virus within your body.

30
Q

Example of Covid 19 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment (mAb treatment)

A

Bebtelovimab

31
Q

The culture of an active, pure culture in sufficient quantity to inoculate the production vessel

A

Seed culture

32
Q

The extraction of the products and its purification which is known to be

A

Downstream processing

33
Q

Is a vessel or container in which a biochemical process is carried out containing organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such microorganisms in an aerobic or anaerobic processes.

A

Bioreactor

34
Q

What are the products of fermentation using bioreactors.

A

enzymes, microorganism, plants and animal cells.

35
Q

Two types of bioreactors

A

Microbial fermenter and enzyme fermenter

36
Q

Is the most critical part of the fermentation process by which it should be achieved

A

Aseptic condition

37
Q

It is used for simple fermentation, has a design of a stirrer and sparger

A

Traditional bioreactor

38
Q

Used to produce metabolites, biomass, transformed substrates or purified solvent.

A

Microbial fermenter

39
Q

It is more complex and suit with the fermentation approaches.

A

Novel bioreactors

40
Q

Immobilized enzymes are often used for fluid-fluid and solid-fluid contractor to produce wine and beverages

A

Enzyme fermenter

41
Q

Is to provide microorganisms in submerged culture with sufficient oxygen for metabolic requirements.

A

Aeration

42
Q

What are basic features of a bioreactors?

A

Agitator system, Aeration system, A foam control system, PH control system, temperature control system, sampling ports, A cleaning and sterilization system.

43
Q

A device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.

A

Sparger

44
Q

Example of traditional bioreactor

A

stirred-tank reactor, STR and spinner flasks

45
Q

example of novel bioreactor

A

Rock-bed single use bioreactor, Air-lift single use reactor, Fluidized-bed reactor, rotary cell culture

46
Q

Two types of agitators

A

Axial flow, radial flow

47
Q

Parallel to the impeller shaft

A

Axial flow

48
Q

Are best for mixing applications that require stratification or solid suspension.

A

Axial impellers

49
Q

A device to put something into motion by shaking or stirring.

A

Agitator

50
Q

Perpendicular to the flow.

A

Radial flow

51
Q

Three basic types of spargers

A

Porous sparger
Orifice sparger
Nozzle sparger

52
Q

As a device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.

A

Sparger

53
Q

Excessive foam formation can lead to blocked air exit filters and to pressure build up in the reactor.

A

Foam control system

54
Q

Used in the production of single-cell protein in the air-lift fermenter

A

Orifice fermenter

55
Q

Foam is typically controlled with aid of antifoaming agents based on blank or blank

A

Silica gel or vegetable oil

56
Q

Is a simple heat exchanger through which cool water is passed. This minimized water evaporation and the loss of volatile.

A

Condenser

57
Q

Used primarily on a laboratory scale in non-agitated vessels

A

Porous sparger

58
Q

Controlling cell culture pH in bioreactor is critical to successful manufacturing.

A

pH control system

59
Q

Most modern mechanically stirred fermenter design from laboratory to industrial scale have a single open or partially closed pipe as sparger to provide the stream of air bubbles

A

Nozzle sparger

60
Q

Must be maintained between the fermenter contents and the exterior when the sample port is not being used and it must be sterilized after use.

A

Sterile barrier

61
Q

Sterilization of the inlet air is undertaken to prevent contaminating organisms from entering the reactor.

A

Air sterilization system

62
Q

The necessity of maintaining and knowing the current growth status and reactor broth conditions are several of the more critical bioprocess operations in fermentation and cell culture.

A

Sampling

63
Q

Normally the design and construction of a fermenter there must be adequate provition for temperature control.

A

Temperature control system

BIOPROCESS (6 decks)

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