Lesson 1 Flashcards
Explain what is bioprocessing
Bioprocessing involves the use of living systems such as microorganisms and plants to produce valuable compounds, drugs, and chemicals for human use. Fermentation, often regarded as the foundation of biotechnology, plays a central role in these industrial processes.
Bioprocessing uses living systems like microorganism, plants to produce compounds, drugs and chemicals useful to humans. Through fermentation is the “backbone of biotechnology” in the industrial processes.
What is Industrial biotechnology?
Exploitation of enzymes, microorganisms, plants to produce energy, industrial chemicals and consumer goods.
It is based on the expectation that renewable plant-derived carbohydrates, lipids, and other compounds can displace a significant fraction of petroleum and other fossil fuels that are currently the raw material and energy basis of modern industrial societies.
Industrial paradigm
What is fermentation?
A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic compounds through the action of enzymes.
The term fermentation comes from the latin word blank means blank
fervere, to boil
The first industrial process
Alcohol production using yeast
Four groups of microbial products
Microbial cell (biomass)
Microbial metabolites
Microbial enzymes
Recombinant product & transformation process
Such as the baker’s yeast and single cell protein were used as human or animal food. It became the source of protein in animal feeds.
Biomass
What is the use of baker’s yeast now adays?
it is used as a leavening ingredient in bakery products. it is also used in ethanol fermentation.
Two types of microbial metabolites
Primary metabolites
Secondary metabolites
Is on example of microbial enzymes produced by Rhizopus chinensis
cheese production
Example of Microbial enzymes
Pectinases
Amylases
cellulases
Proteases
B-glucanase
Are produced during the stationary phase, which do not appear to have any function in cell metabolisms.
Secondary metabolites
Are produced during the log phase which are essential to the growth of the microorganisms.
Primary metabolites
Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Filamentous fungi are the most common host used for such systems.
Recombinant products
Example of primary metabolites
amino acid, nucleotides, nucleic acid, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
In this wave the first-large breweries were created from the early 1700s when Egyptians used the first wooden vast of 1500-barrel capacity for wine production.
First wave
Examples of recombinant products
Interferons, insulin, Albumin, Human sebum, Calf Chymosin, Bovine somatostatin, Epidermal growth factors
Convinced the scientific world of the important use of microorganisms in the process.
Pasteur
Had first investigated the role of yeast in the alcoholic fermentation.
Cagniard-latour, Schwann, Kutzing
Pioneered his work on pure culture isolation.
Hansen
The father of Industrial fermentation and the one who established aseptic fermentation during the first world war to produce acetone butanol.
Weizmann
The use of single-cell protein using hydrocarbon and other feedstocks was introduced to improve the production of products.
The Fourth wave
Was the beginning of the pure culture inoculation and pasteurization.
The Second wave
Are monovalent antibodies which bind to the same epitope and are produced from a single B-lymphocyte clone.
Monoclonal antibodies
During this time, the penicillin was discovered and massively produced in submerged culture under aseptic conditions because of antibacterial medicine during war time. It was the most significant change in fermentation technology that results in large production of other important commercial products.
The Third wave
The first licensed monoclonal antibody was approved in 1986 for use in preventing kidney transplant rejection.
Orthoclone OKT3
How Orthoclone OKT3 works?
It is a monoclonal mouse IgG2a antibody whose cognate antigen is CD3. It works by binding to and blocking the effects of CD3 expressed on T-lymphocytes.
How mAb treatment works?
It can block the virus that causes covid 19 from entering cells in your body and limit the amount of the virus within your body.
Example of Covid 19 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment (mAb treatment)
Bebtelovimab
The culture of an active, pure culture in sufficient quantity to inoculate the production vessel
Seed culture
The extraction of the products and its purification which is known to be
Downstream processing
Is a vessel or container in which a biochemical process is carried out containing organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such microorganisms in an aerobic or anaerobic processes.
Bioreactor
What are the products of fermentation using bioreactors.
enzymes, microorganism, plants and animal cells.
Two types of bioreactors
Microbial fermenter and enzyme fermenter
Is the most critical part of the fermentation process by which it should be achieved
Aseptic condition
It is used for simple fermentation, has a design of a stirrer and sparger
Traditional bioreactor
Used to produce metabolites, biomass, transformed substrates or purified solvent.
Microbial fermenter
It is more complex and suit with the fermentation approaches.
Novel bioreactors
Immobilized enzymes are often used for fluid-fluid and solid-fluid contractor to produce wine and beverages
Enzyme fermenter
Is to provide microorganisms in submerged culture with sufficient oxygen for metabolic requirements.
Aeration
What are basic features of a bioreactors?
Agitator system, Aeration system, A foam control system, PH control system, temperature control system, sampling ports, A cleaning and sterilization system.
A device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.
Sparger
Example of traditional bioreactor
stirred-tank reactor, STR and spinner flasks
example of novel bioreactor
Rock-bed single use bioreactor, Air-lift single use reactor, Fluidized-bed reactor, rotary cell culture
Two types of agitators
Axial flow, radial flow
Parallel to the impeller shaft
Axial flow
Are best for mixing applications that require stratification or solid suspension.
Axial impellers
A device to put something into motion by shaking or stirring.
Agitator
Perpendicular to the flow.
Radial flow
Three basic types of spargers
Porous sparger
Orifice sparger
Nozzle sparger
As a device for introducing air into the liquid in a fermenter.
Sparger
Excessive foam formation can lead to blocked air exit filters and to pressure build up in the reactor.
Foam control system
Used in the production of single-cell protein in the air-lift fermenter
Orifice fermenter
Foam is typically controlled with aid of antifoaming agents based on blank or blank
Silica gel or vegetable oil
Is a simple heat exchanger through which cool water is passed. This minimized water evaporation and the loss of volatile.
Condenser
Used primarily on a laboratory scale in non-agitated vessels
Porous sparger
Controlling cell culture pH in bioreactor is critical to successful manufacturing.
pH control system
Most modern mechanically stirred fermenter design from laboratory to industrial scale have a single open or partially closed pipe as sparger to provide the stream of air bubbles
Nozzle sparger
Must be maintained between the fermenter contents and the exterior when the sample port is not being used and it must be sterilized after use.
Sterile barrier
Sterilization of the inlet air is undertaken to prevent contaminating organisms from entering the reactor.
Air sterilization system
The necessity of maintaining and knowing the current growth status and reactor broth conditions are several of the more critical bioprocess operations in fermentation and cell culture.
Sampling
Normally the design and construction of a fermenter there must be adequate provition for temperature control.
Temperature control system
