Lesson 1 Flashcards
What is Science?
Science – is logical, systematic, and coherent way to solve problems and answer questions. It is a collection of facts about a certain field and the process used to obtain that knowledge.
(Cross,1981)
What are the three branches of Philosophy?
- Metaphysics
- Epistemology
- Axiology
Considered indispensable reflections in nursing practice
Who are the Philosophers nursing is based on?
Descartes & Spinoza(1600’s) Rationalist: “Reason is superior to experience as a source for knowledge”.
Bacon (1600) Empiricist: “Experimentation and scientific method”.
Kant (1700) ”Knowledge is relative; mind is active in knowing.”
What is Nursing Philosophy?
Nursing philosophy: foundational and universal assumptions of the profession.
What is Positivism?
Logical positivist- empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.
Theories must be tested through observation and experimentation. Empirical facts exist independently of theories and offer the only basis for objectivity in science. Both rational and empirical
What are Grand Nursing Theories?
– abstract, broad in scope, and complex, therefore requiring further research for clarification.
– provide a general framework and ideas about nursing.
– develop their works based on their own experiences and the time they were living explaining why there is so much variation among theories
– Address the nursing metaparadigm components of person, nursing, health, and environment.
Mother of Modern Nursing
Person behind what theory?
Florence Nightingale
Environmental theory - “the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery.”
More limited in scope (as compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. Address specific phenomena in nursing.
Middle-range Nursing Theories
Are situation specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time. These provide frameworks for nursing interventions.
Practice level Nursing Theories
The first level of theory development. They describe the phenomena and identify its properties and components in which it occurs. Do not attempt to produce or change a situation.
Descriptive Theory
Address the nursing interventions for a phenomenon, guide practice change, and predict consequences. They are used to anticipate the outcomes of nursing interventions.
Prescriptive theories
The first group of nurses who thought of giving nursing care a conceptual order. Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their physical and mental needs. Their theories focus on fulfilling physical and mental needs.
Need-based theorists
Emphasis of nursing on the establishment and maintenance of relationships and highlight the impact of nursing on patients and how they interact with the environment, people, and situations.focus on relationships and the impact of nursing on patients.
Interaction Theories
Describe nursing as controlling and directing patient care by using their knowledge of the human physiological and behavioral systems.
Outcome theories
Is the most abstract type and sets forth the meaning of nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical presentation.
Nursing Philosophy
Are comprehensive nursing theories that are regarded by some as pioneers in nursing. These theories address the nursing metaparadigm and explain the relationship between them.
Nursing Conceptual Models
Are works derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual models, and other grand theories that are generally not as specific as middle-range theories
Grand Nursing Theories
Middle-Range Theories
Are precise and answer specific nursing practice questions. They address the specifics of nursing situations within the perspective of the model or theory from which they are derived.
Example sentence: Middle-Range Theories address specific nursing practice questions.
Florence Nightingale
Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory.
Example sentence: Florence Nightingale is known for her Environmental Theory.
This theorist ocuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.
What is the name of her theory?
-Virginia Henderson
-Nursing Need Theory.
This theory states that “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”
Who is the theorist?
21 Nursing Problems Theory.
Faye Glenn Abdellah
This theory emphasizes that the major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual that will facilitate the development of the core.
Kinsa ni sya?
Care, Cure, Core Theory.
Lydia E. Hall
- States that “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness.”
- Who is she?
Self-Care Theory.
Dorothea E. Orem
States that “An interpersonal process of therapeutic
interactions between an individual who is
sick or in need of health services and a
nurse especially educated to recognize,
respond to the need for help.”
- Who?
Theory of Interpersonal Relations.
: Hildegard E. Peplau
Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions. Allows nurses to formulate an effective nursing care plan.
Who?
Nursing process theory
Ida Jean Orlando
This theory defined transcultural nursing as a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures.
Who?
Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
Madeleine Leininger
Theory assists the practicing nurse to?
-Organize patient data
-Understand patient data
-Analyze patient data
-Make decisions about nursing interventions
-Plan patient care
-Predict outcomes of care
-Evaluate patient outcomes
What are the levels of Nursing theory? From abstract to specific?
Nursing Metaparadigms
Grand theories
Middle-range theories
Practice level theories
What are the levels of Nursing theory? From abstract to specific?
Nursing Metaparadigms
Grand theories
Middle-range theories
Practice level theories
According to Nightingale, what are the environmental factors that assist patients in their recovery?
fresh air
pure water
efficient drainage
cleanliness or sanitation
and light or direct sunlight
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
ALLIGOOD
Nursing Philosophy
Nursing Conceptual Models
Grand Nursing theories
Middle-range nursing theories
Classification according to Meleis
Need-base nursing theories
Interaction theories
Outcome theories
Two types of descriptive theories:
Factor-Isolating Theory
Explanatory Theory
- Also known as category-formulating
or labeling theory. Theories
under this category describe
the properties and dimensions of phenomena.
Factor-Isolating Theory
Explanatory theory (kakapoy ba ani)
- describe
and explain the nature of
relationships of certain
phenomena to other phenomena.
