lesson 1

Question 1

the study of disease

Answer 1

Pathology

Question 2

Any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury is called

Answer 2

Disease

Question 3

refers to the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as manifestation

Answer 3

Pathogenesis

Question 4

refers to the patient’s perception of the disease. BLANK are subjective, and only the patient can identify these manifestations. For example, a headache is considered a BLANK

Answer 4

Symptom

Question 5

an is an objective manifestation that is directed by the physician during the examination. Fever, swelling, and skin rash are all considered BLANK

Answer 5

Sign

Question 6

A group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific abnormal disturbance is a BLANK. For example, respiratory distress BLANK is a common disorder in premature infants

Answer 6

Syndrome

Question 7

Some disease processes, especially in the early stages, do not produce symptoms and are termed

Answer 7

Asymptomatic

Question 8

the study of the cause of a disease. Common agents that cause diseases include viruses, bacteria, trauma, heat, chemical agents, and poor nutrition. At the molecular level, a genetic abnormality of a single protein may also serve as the BLANK basis for some diseases.

Answer 8

Etiology

Question 9

Proper infection control practices are important in a health care environment to prevent hospital – acquired

Answer 9

Nosocomial

Question 10

that follows hip replacement surgery is an example of nosocomial disease, that is acquired from the environment

Answer 10

Staphylococcal infection

Question 11

reactions are adverse responses to medical treatment itself (e.g., a collapsed lung that occurs in response to a complication that arises during arterial line placement)

Answer 11

Latrogenic

Question 12

If no causative factor can be identified, a disease is termed

Answer 12

Idiopathic

Question 13

type of disease that is usually have a quick onset and last for a short period

Answer 13

Acute disease

Question 14

may manifest more slowly and last for a very long time. An example of an acute disease is pneumonia, and multiple sclerosis is considered a BLANK

Answer 14

Chronic disease/condition

Question 15

is the identification of a disease an individual is believed to have

Answer 15

Diagnosis

Question 16

To predict a course and outcome of the disease is called

Answer 16

prognosis

Question 17

The structure of cells or tissue is termed

Answer 17

Morphology

Question 18

The investigation of disease in large groups. Healthcare BLANK is grounded in the belief in distribution of health states. For example, good health, disease, disability, or death.

Answer 18

Epidemiology

Question 19

refers to the number of cases found in a given population

Answer 19

Prevalence

Question 20

Diseases of high prevalence in an area where a given causative organism is commonly found are said to be BLANK to that area. For example, histoplasmosis is a fungal disease of the respiratory system BLANK to the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.

Answer 20

Endemic

Question 21

is a generalized decrease in cell size. An example of BLANK is when muscle cells decrease in size after the loss of innervation (supply of nerves to a part) and use

Answer 21

Atrophy

Question 22

generalized increase in cell size. If the aortic valve is diseased, then the left ventricle enlarges because of the increased muscle mass needed to pump blood into the aorta

Answer 22

Hypertrophy

Question 23

is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation. An estrogen-secreting ovarian tumor causing endometrial epithelial cells to multiply is an example

Answer 23

Hyperplasia

Question 24

is the conversion of one cell type into another that is not normal for that tissue. The epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of a smoker undergo BLANK as a response to the chronic irritation from the chemicals in the smoke

Answer 24

Metaplasia

Question 25

refers to abnormal changes occurring in mature cells. Individual cells within a tissue vary in size, shape, and color, and they are often nonfunctional. BLANK adaptations are considered precancerous and are most commonly associated with neoplasms within the reproductive system and the respiratory tract

Answer 25

Dysplasia

Question 26

Disease Classifications: (6)

Answer 26

- Congenital and hereditary - Inflammatory - Degenerative - Metabolic - Traumatic - Neoplastic

Question 27

Diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environment factors are termed

Answer 27

Congenital - It is estimated that 2% to 3% of all live births have one or more congenital abnormalities, although some of these may not be visible until a year or so after birth. A major category of congenital disease is caused by abnormalities in the number and distribution of chromosomes.

Question 28

diseases are caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors

Answer 28

Hereditary

Question 29

disease results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent. Types of BLANK diseases include ineffective, toxic, and allergic diseases. An infective disease results from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Answer 29

Inflammatory

Question 30

are caused by the deterioration of the body. Although they are associated with the aging process, some BLANK conditions may exist in younger patients. For instance, an individual may develop a BLANK disease following a traumatic injury, regardless of age

Answer 30

Degenerative diseases

Question 31

is the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body. Diseases caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body are classified as BLANK diseases. These include endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus and hyperparathyroidism and disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 31

Metabolic

Question 32

These diseases may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. In addition, disorders resulting from extreme hot or cold temperatures, for example, burns and frostbite, are also classified as BLANK. BLANK may injure a bone, resulting in fractures. A wound is an injury of soft parts associated with a rupture of the skin. BLANK injuries may damage soft tissues even if the skin is not broken. Bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture is known as a bruise or a contusion

Answer 32

Traumatic diseases

Question 33

results in new, abnormal tissue growth. Normally growing and maturing cells are subject to mechanisms that direct cell proliferation and cell differentiation, controlling their growth rate

Answer 33

Neoplastic disease

Question 34

refers to cell division

Answer 34

Proliferation

Question 35

If the differences are small, the growth is termed BLANK and has a low probability for malignancy

Answer 35

Differentiated

Question 36

If the cells within the neoplasm exhibit atypical characteristics, they are termed BLANK and have a higher probability of malignancy

Answer 36

Poorly differentiated or undifferentiated

Question 37

The BLANK of disease refers to the number of new cases found in a given period

Answer 37

Incidence