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Clinical Chemistry > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Measurements of wavelength below 400 mm are in this region;
a. ultra-violet b. infra-red c. non-detectable d. fluorometric

A

a. ultra-violet

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2
Q

Ammonium oxalate is an anticoagulant that cannot be used when testing for:
a. chloride b. uric acid c. urea nitrogen d. sodium

A

c. urea nitrogen

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3
Q

Ammonia salts is formed from urea in which test procedure:
a. urea nitrogen b. sodium c. uric acid d. creatinine

A

a. urea nitrogen

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4
Q

In fluorometry the secondary light source has a longer wavelength than the primary, the primary excitation source is:

a. red b. infra-red c. the same d. ultra-violet

A

d. ultra-violet

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5
Q

Which of the following enzymes provides the best indication of obstructive liver disease, i.e., cholestasis?
a. Amylase c. Aspartate aminotransferase
b. Alkaline phosphatase d. Lactate dehydrogenase

A

b. Alkaline phosphatase

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6
Q

Ammonia salts is formed from urea in which test procedure:
a. urea nitrogen b. sodium c. uric acid d. creatinine

A

a. urea nitrogen

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7
Q

Blood from a newborn has low thyroxine (T4) and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) compared to reference ranges for that age. These results are most consistent with :

a. congenital hypopituitarism
b. congenital primary hypothyroidism
c. congenital secondary hypothyroidism
d. a normal response to pregnancy-induced changes in maternal thyroid function

A

congenital primary hypothyroidism

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8
Q

95% of clinical laboratory values are included in:

a. three standard deviations c. all quality control
b. two standard deviations d. one standard deviation

A

b. two standard deviations

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9
Q

Which test(s) would most likely be elevated in cirrhosis:
1. bilirubin, conjugated (direct) 5. serum protein
2. bilirubin, total 6. albumin
3. AST 7. globulin
4. ALP 8. GGT

a. 1 and 2 only b. 4 only c. 1,2,3,7, and 8 d. 3 only

A

c. 1,2,3,7, and 8

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10
Q

Carbon dioxide is an end product when this is as a fuel:
a. carbon monoxide b. glucose c. carbohydrates d. fats

A

c. carbohydrates

not b.glucose, cause all carbs pwede magproduce ng co2

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11
Q

Bromocresol green is a method for testing:
a. glucose b. albumin c. triglycerides d. uric acid

A

b. albumin

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12
Q

. Proteins are stained in the electrophoresis procedure with which stain(s):
a. carbolfuchsin c. Bromal Blue
b. Ponceau S or Amido Black d. Thymol Blue

A

b. Ponceau S or Amido Black

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13
Q

What is the correct identification :
1. LDH1 (LD1) – heart 3. LDH 1 (LD1) - liver
2. LDH5 (LD5) – liver 4. LDH 5 (LD5) – heart
a. 1 and 2 b. 3 and 4 c. none of the above d. 4 only

A

a. 1 and 2

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14
Q

Bicarbonate level measures:
a. acidity b. neutrality c. the alkali reserve d. base

A

c. the alkali reserve

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15
Q

A glucose control has an average pool value of 78 mg.dL and a +/-1 standard deviation of 3 mg/dL. Which one of the following samples is considered to be out of range:
a. 82 b. 73 c. 72 d. 85

A

d. 85

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16
Q

The cation of greater quantity found in the body is:
a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. chloride

A

c. calcium

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17
Q

Purine metabolism produces the by-product:
a. calcium b. urea nitrogen c. uric acid d. Phosphorus

A

c. uric acid

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18
Q

The glucose levels return to normal in a normal tolerance in:
a. 30 minutes b. 1 hour c. 1 hour if urine output is normal d. 120 minutes

A

d. 120 minutes

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19
Q

Electrolyte cannot be collected in a tube with this anticoagulant:
a. lithium heparin b. clot activation c. potassium heparin d. no anticoagulant at all

A

c. potassium heparin

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20
Q

Urea, uric acid and creatinine are all:
a. hepatic by-products c. non-protein nitrogenous compounds b. enzyme inhibitors d. absorbed in the small intestine

A

c. non-protein nitrogenous compounds

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21
Q

A substance used on anticoagulating blood which precipitates calcium would be:
a. lithium b. oxalate c. heparin d. sodium citrate

A

b. oxalate

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22
Q

A diffraction grating or quartz prism is found in:
a. fluorospectrometer b. electron meters c. spectrophotometer d. colorimeter

A

a. fluorospectrometer and c. spectrophotometer (monochromators)

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23
Q

Glycoprotein is added by the liver in the process of bilirubin excretion to:
a. conjugate bilirubin b. decrease total excretion c. remove urobilinogen d. adsorb bilirubin

A

a. conjugate bilirubin

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24
Q

Unconjugated and total bilirubin are markedly increased in:
a. cirrhosis b. infectious hepatitis c. gall bladder disease d. renal failure

A

b. infectious hepatitis

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25
Q

Albumin and globulin compose the:
a. lipid profile b. IgE series c. total serum protein d. cryoglobulins

A

c. total serum protein

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26
Q

One half hour to one hour:
a. normal glucose tolerance reaches peak
b. glucose tolerance reaches half its expected peak
c. into 3 hour glucose tolerance, the blood glucose should be normal and urine glucose high
d. after glucose tolerance begins, allow patient to eat

A

a. normal glucose tolerance reaches peak

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27
Q

In most patients, gout is accompanied by elevated:
a. urea nitrogen b. phosphorus c. uric acid d. alkaline phosphatase

A

c. uric acid

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28
Q

A control is used to monitor:
a. accuracy b. precision c. consistency d. a and b

A

d. a and b

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29
Q

Vermiculite is used to clean:
a. peroxide spills b. blood spills c. alcohol d. xylene

A

a. peroxide spills

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30
Q

LDH1 (LD1), CK, AST enzymes are found in:
a. lungs b. liver c. heart muscle d. small intestine

A

c. heart muscle

ld1 and ld2-heart ld3- lung l4 and l5- skeletal

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31
Q

Coefficient of variation (CV) is:
a. the percent of variation from the unknown mean
b. the calculated mean minus (n-1)
c. the percent of the mean used to determine standard deviation
d. the percent of the mean value that represents the percentage of variation known

A

d. the percent of the mean value that represents the percentage of variation known

32
Q

What percent of random errors can occur when performing a procedure without cause for alarm? a. 2% b. 10% c. 3% d. 0.5% e. 5%

A

e. 5%

33
Q

Which of the following is not a function of insulin?
a. stimulate glycogenesis d. prevents gluconeogenesis
b. stimulates glycogenolysis e. decrease blood glucose
3
c. aids in the uptake of glucose oxidation

A

b. stimulates glycogenolysis

34
Q

During the morning pick-up, one tube was left in the tray until 11:00 AM. Upon discovery, the technologist immediately placed it in the centrifuge and removed the serum from the clot. Which of the following constituents would be least affected?

a. LDH b. sodium c. potassium d. acid phosphatase e. glucose During the morning pick-up, one tube was left in the tray until 11:00 AM. Upon discovery, the technologist immediately placed it in the centrifuge and removed the serum from the clot. Which of the following constituents would be least affected?
a. LDH b. sodium c. potassium d. acid phosphatase e. glucose

A

b. sodium

35
Q

The following cardiac profile results are representative of:
DAY CPK (normal 0-83 ) LDH (normal 50-150)
1 55 100
2 550 200
3 220 320
a. old MI c. acute MI e. liver trauma
b. muscle disease d. megaloblastic anemia

A

c. acute MI

36
Q

Slight hypoglycemia which normally occurs an hour or so after the ingestion of carbohydrates stimulates a process called: a. glycogenesis b. deamination c. osmotic diuresis d. glycogenolysis

A

d. glycogenolysis

37
Q

The most common cause of xanthochromic CSF is:
a. meningitis d. old hemorrhage
b. contaminated collection tubes e. traumatic lumbar puncture
c. serum bilirubin greater than 19 mg/dL

A

d. old hemorrhage

xanthochhromic csf - rbc degradation products

38
Q

A primary increase in the thyroxine will cause:
a. an increase in unoccupied binding sites d. hypothyroidism
b. a secondary increase in TBG e. no change in the free T4
c. an increase in free T4

A

c. an increase in free T4

39
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of post-hepatic jaundice?
a. increase in direct acting bilirubin d. positive urine bilirubin
b. clay-colored stools e. increased urine urobilinogen
c. increased alkaline phosphatase levels

A

e. increased urine urobilinogen

40
Q

A diffuse or broad base area in the gamma region of a protein electrophoresis strip could be the result of: a. multiple myeloma d. cirrhosis
b. macroglobulinemia e. Bence-Jones protein or a subunit of gamma G c. a monoclonal gammopathy

A

d. cirrhosis

41
Q

Rate of O2 consumption in the measurement of glucose is:
a. employed in the glucose oxidase method d. employed in methods or total reducing substances b. unreliable when arterial blood is used e. none of the above
c. employed in hexokinase method

A

a. employed in the glucose oxidase method

42
Q

Muscular dystrophy causes striking elevation of:
a. alkaline phosphatase c. aldolase e. LD2 b. acid phosphatase d. LD1

A

c. aldolase

43
Q

Which of the following aids in the removal of cholesterol from the cell:
a. VLD lipoprotein c. alpha lipoprotein (HDL) e. albumin
b. Chylomicrons d. low-density lipoprotein

A

c. alpha lipoprotein (HDL)

44
Q

When reading colored solutions in a photometer, added turbidity causes:
a. a decrease in %T b. an increase in %T c. no effect on %T d. a decrease in concentration

A

a. a decrease in %T

45
Q

Glucose, as measured by the rate of oxygen consumption, measures:
a. all aldosaccharides c. β-d-glucose
b. all saccharide reducing substances d. all glucose

A

c. β-d-glucose

46
Q

The relationship between a millimicrons and an nanometer is:
a. a millimicron is 1000 times a manometer
d. a millimicron is 1/1000 of a nanometer
c. they are equal
b. a nanometer is 1000 times a millimicron
e. a nanometer is 1/1000 of a millimicron

A

c. they are equal

47
Q

A marked decrease in total protein with an increase in the globulin fractions is indicative of:
a. diabetes b. uremia c. liver disease d. infectious mononucleosis

A

c. liver disease

48
Q

In salt-free water, globulins:
a. are soluble b. are insoluble c. produce an emulsion d. produce a saturated solution

A

b. are insoluble

49
Q

Fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, and perhaps some of the globulins (EXCEPT gamma globulin) are formed in the:
a. bone marrow b. kidney c. liver d. pancreas e. RES

A

c. liver

50
Q

Detemination of cholesterol is widely used in the diagnosis of:
a. anemia b. diabetes mellitus c. renal disease d. liver disease e. tularemia

A

d. liver disease

51
Q

. In the blood, inorganic phosphorus is chiefly present as:
a. PO4 b. H3PO4 c. H2PO4 d. HPO4

A

d. HPO4

52
Q

What effect does hemolysis have on serum magnesium levels?
a. no effect b. increases c. decreases

A

b. increases

53
Q

In the AST determination, the oxidation of NADH proceeds at the same rate as the conversion of aspartate to oxaloacetate. NADH rate of oxidation is determined by the decrease in absorbance, and is:

a. directly proportional to the enzyme activity
c. unrelated to enzyme activity
b. inversely proportional to the enzyme activity
d. proportional to the amount of buffer present

A

a. directly proportional to the enzyme activity

54
Q

When ALT reacts on the substrate, one of the following groups is transferred:
a. phosphate b. amine c. dehydrogenase d. water

A

b. amine

55
Q

One of the following is the first step of the reaction occuring with CK:
a. Creatine phosphate + ADP-(CK)-(Mg++) creatine +ATP
b. ATP + glucose –(HK)-(Mg++) ADP + G-6-P
c. G-6-P + NADP+ - (G-6-PDH) 6-PG +NADPH + H+

A

a. Creatine phosphate + ADP-(CK)-(Mg++) creatine +ATP

56
Q

High alkaline phosphatase activity is found mainly in:
a. Hyperthyroidism c. bone and liver disease e. gout b. Hyperinsulinism d. pancreatic carcinoma

A

c. bone and liver disease

57
Q

Which of the following describes the reaction catalyzed when total LD (L) is measured?
a. pyruvate is converted to lactate with NADH serving as a co-substrate with a decrease in absorbance at 340 nm
b. lactate is oxidized to pyruvate with NAD serving as a coenzyme with an increase in absorbance
c. lactate is converted to pyruvate with NADH is formed from NAD
d. pyruvate is converted to glutamate with NAD to NADH

A

c. lactate is converted to pyruvate with NADH is formed from NAD c. lactate is converted to pyruvate with NADH is formed from NAD

58
Q

The major clinical reason for increased serum amylase is:
a. active viral hepatitis b. obstructive jaundice c. hepatoma d. acute pancreatitis

A

d. acute pancreatitis

59
Q

When LD activity is measured, which best describes optimum conditions for enzyme activity?
a. the substrate is added in excess

b. the oxidized coenzyme is added in excess
e. b and c
c. the amount of LD in patients serum is added in excess f. a and c

A

d. a and b

60
Q

The amylase method is based on which of the following:
a. saccharogenic b. amyloclastic c. chromogenic

A

a. saccharogenic

61
Q

Who devised a chart breaking down the various categories of hyperlipidemia?
a. Levy b. Jennings c. Frederickson d. Gradwald

A

c. Frederickson

62
Q

Bence-Jones protein is found in:
a. pneumonia b. infectious hepatitis c. normal patients d. none of these

A

d. none of these

63
Q

The purpose of sodium sulfate solution in albumin tests is to:
a. precipitate albumin c. eliminate the lipoprotein
b. make the color develop d. precipitate globulin

A

d. precipitate globulin

64
Q

“ milliequivalent” is equal to:
a. 1/10 of a gram equivalent weight c. 1/1000 of a gram equivalent weight
b. 1/100 of a gram equivalent weight d. 1000 milligrams

A

1/1000 of a gram equivalent weight

65
Q

Alkaline hypochlorite method for doing the BUN procedure is called the:
a. Jaffe reaction c. Berthelot reaction
b. Libermann-Burchardt test d. Folin-Wu test

A

c. Berthelot reaction

66
Q

Heparin prevents blood clotting by:
a. precipitating fibrinogen c. interfering with conversion of prothrombin to thrombin b. inactivating prothrobim d. lysing of platelets

A

c. interfering with conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

67
Q

The base unit of proteins (protein nitrogen) is:
a. uric acid b. urea c. albumin d. amino acids

A

d. amino acids

68
Q

In serum, lipemia is usually due to the presence of :
a. Phospholipids c. monosaccharides e. chylomicrons b. fatty acids d. polysaccharides

A

e. chylomicrons

69
Q

Which of these tests does NOT indicate severe glomerular ot tubular damage?
a. BUN b. NPN c. creatinine d. bilirubin

A

d. bilirubin

70
Q

Why must electrophoretic buffer solutions be changed frequently? The buffer:
a. gets contaminated by sample c. gets contaminated by wicking materials b. concentrates by evaporation d. is decomposed by the applied potential

A

b. concentrates by evaporation

71
Q

Which lipoprotein floats at the density of normal serum, thus giving a milky appearance to the serum?
a. chylomicrons b. lipoprotein X c. beta-lipoprotein d. Alpha-lipoprotein

A

a. chylomicrons

72
Q

The instrument used to scan an electrophoretic strip is the:
a. spectrophotometer b. densitometer c. densispectrophotometer d. Colorimeter

A

b. densitometer

73
Q
A
74
Q

. Creatinine clearance is generally performed on urine collected over a period of how many hours? a. 1 b. 2 c. 24 d. 48

A

c. 24

75
Q

.Proteins migrate during electrophoresis because they:
a. have an electric charge c. contain nitrogen
b. are water soluble d. are organic compounds

A

a. have an electric charge

Clinical Chemistry (1 decks)

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