Lesson 1 Flashcards
The study of energy transformations and metabolic processes that occur within living organisms at the molecular level is known as ___
Bioenergetics
What is the primary energy currency.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mention five sources of energy for cellular activities
I) Glucose
II) Fatty Acids
III) Amino Acids
IV) Ketone bodies
V) Photosynthesis
The storage form of energy in Adipose tissue is _______
Fatty acids
Which molecules serve as energy source for the brain, heart and skeletal muscle during periods of starvation or low carbohydrate intake
Ketone bodies
Excessive glucose is stored in the form of _______ in liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen
Which hormone promotes glucose uptake by cells, stimulate glycogenesis (Glycogen synthesis), and inhibits gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis).
Insulin
Which hormone stimulates Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels during fasting or low glucose conditions.
Glucagon
What’s the storage form of fatty acids in Adipose tissue
Triglycerides
The process where by triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol is known as ________
Lipolysis
Which molecules are oxidized to acetyl CoA, leading to production of ketone bodies in liver.
Fatty acids
Which process breaks down proteins into amino acids during periods of low energy or prolonged fasting
Protein Catabolism
The process where by amino acids donate their amino group to alpha ketoglutarate, forming glutamate is known as ________
Transamination
Mention three examples of ketone bodies
*Acetoacetate
*Beta hydroxybutyrate
*Acetone
Which of the ketone bodies can serve as a buffer to maintain blood pH during metabolic acidosis.
Beta hydroxybutyrate
What is ATP hydrolysis
The process in which ATP is broken down into Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy.
What’s the full meaning of NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
What’s the full meaning of FADH2
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Mention two electron carriers in cellular metabolism
NADH
FADH2
What are the key steps in photosynthesis
A) Light absorption: chlorophyll and other pigments in chloroplasts absorb photons of light energy from sunlight.
B) Light reactions (Photophosphorylation): Light energy split water molecules into oxygen, protons (H+ ions), and electrons.
C) Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle): In the light -independent reactions, ATP and MADPH produced during the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbohydrates such as glucose.
Which source of energy serve as a rapid and readily available source of energy for cellular activities, particularly in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands
Phosphocreatine (PCr)
Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of phosphocreatine from creatine and ATP
Creatine kinase
Which source of energy provides energy for muscle contraction during high intensity, short duration activities such as sprinting or weight lifting.
Phosphocreatine (PCr)
Outline the sequence of proceeding in the generation of energy from lipids and triglycerides
*Beta oxidation: Lipolysis = triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are broken into fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids Transported to mitochondria for beta oxidation to produce acetyl COA
* Acetyl COA goes into TCA cycle to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
* Oxidative phosphorylation follows using the NADH and FADH2 to generate more ATPs through ETC
