Lesson 1

Question 1

The study of energy transformations and metabolic processes that occur within living organisms at the molecular level is known as ___

Answer 1

Bioenergetics

Question 2

What is the primary energy currency.

Answer 2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 3

Mention five sources of energy for cellular activities

Answer 3

I) Glucose
II) Fatty Acids
III) Amino Acids
IV) Ketone bodies
V) Photosynthesis

Question 4

The storage form of energy in Adipose tissue is _______

Answer 4

Fatty acids

Question 5

Which molecules serve as energy source for the brain, heart and skeletal muscle during periods of starvation or low carbohydrate intake

Answer 5

Ketone bodies

Question 6

Excessive glucose is stored in the form of _______ in liver and muscle cells.

Answer 6

Glycogen

Question 7

Which hormone promotes glucose uptake by cells, stimulate glycogenesis (Glycogen synthesis), and inhibits gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis).

Answer 7

Insulin

Question 8

Which hormone stimulates Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose levels during fasting or low glucose conditions.

Answer 8

Glucagon

Question 9

What’s the storage form of fatty acids in Adipose tissue

Answer 9

Triglycerides

Question 10

The process where by triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol is known as ________

Answer 10

Lipolysis

Question 11

Which molecules are oxidized to acetyl CoA, leading to production of ketone bodies in liver.

Answer 11

Fatty acids

Question 12

Which process breaks down proteins into amino acids during periods of low energy or prolonged fasting

Answer 12

Protein Catabolism

Question 13

The process where by amino acids donate their amino group to alpha ketoglutarate, forming glutamate is known as ________

Answer 13

Transamination

Question 14

Mention three examples of ketone bodies

Answer 14

*Acetoacetate
*Beta hydroxybutyrate
*Acetone

Question 15

Which of the ketone bodies can serve as a buffer to maintain blood pH during metabolic acidosis.

Answer 15

Beta hydroxybutyrate

Question 16

What is ATP hydrolysis

Answer 16

The process in which ATP is broken down into Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), releasing energy.

Question 17

What’s the full meaning of NADH

Answer 17

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 18

What’s the full meaning of FADH2

Answer 18

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 19

Mention two electron carriers in cellular metabolism

Answer 19

NADH
FADH2

Question 20

What are the key steps in photosynthesis

Answer 20

A) Light absorption: chlorophyll and other pigments in chloroplasts absorb photons of light energy from sunlight.
B) Light reactions (Photophosphorylation): Light energy split water molecules into oxygen, protons (H+ ions), and electrons.
C) Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle): In the light -independent reactions, ATP and MADPH produced during the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbohydrates such as glucose.

Question 21

Which source of energy serve as a rapid and readily available source of energy for cellular activities, particularly in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands

Answer 21

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 22

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of phosphocreatine from creatine and ATP

Answer 22

Creatine kinase

Question 23

Which source of energy provides energy for muscle contraction during high intensity, short duration activities such as sprinting or weight lifting.

Answer 23

Phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 24

Outline the sequence of proceeding in the generation of energy from lipids and triglycerides

Answer 24

*Beta oxidation: Lipolysis = triglycerides stored in adipose tissue are broken into fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids Transported to mitochondria for beta oxidation to produce acetyl COA
* Acetyl COA goes into TCA cycle to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
* Oxidative phosphorylation follows using the NADH and FADH2 to generate more ATPs through ETC