Lesson 1 Flashcards
Computer is derived from the word __ which means to __
Compute - Calculate
Computer was originally defined as
Super-fast calculator
The information provided by the user to the computer
Data
The information in one form which is presented to the computer
Input data
Information in another form is presented by the computer after performing a process on it
Output data
Set of instructions given to the computer to perform various operations
Computer Program
The process of converting input to output data
Data processing
Defined as a fast and accurate data processing system that accepts data, performs various operations on the data, can store data, and produce the results
Computer
Functionalities of a Computer
Takes data as input
Stores the data/instructions in its memory
Process the data and convert it into useful info
Generate the ouput
Physical parts or components of a computer
Hardware
Collection of programs that utilize and enhance the capability of the hardware
Software
Software that manages the resources of a computer and schedule its operation
Operating system
Software that translates the instructions of different languages are known as
Translators
2 types of translators
Compiler
Interpreter
checks the entire user-written program (known as the source program) and if it is Error-free, produces a complete program in machine language (known as object
program).
Compiler
translates one statement at a time and if the source program contains an error, it will be free
executes until at the end of the execution of the program.
Interpreter
This language is in terms of binary codes (0,1).
Machine Language
It uses mnemonic codes rather than numeric codes
Assembly Language
These are referred to as problem-oriented languages (POL). These are referred to
as third-generation languages.
High-level language
convenient for writing programs as they can be written without any codes. These languages follow rules like the English language.
High level language
High-level language is also referred to as
problem oriented languages
Several High-Level Languages which are in common use
FORTRAN: Formula TRANslation
COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language
BASIC: Beginner‘s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
PROLOG: PROgramming in LOGic
ALGOL: ALGOrithmic Language
These are pre-written programs supplied by the manufacturer for maintaining the day-to-day activities of a computer system.
Utility Program
designed to help you
monitor and configure settings for your computer system equipment.
Utility Software
These are user-written programs to do a specific job that can be changed to meet
individual needs
Application Program
These packages are developed to suit the needs of research workers /scientists in
different fields.
General Purpose Packages
The first generation of computers are made of
Vacuum Tubes
this allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on
a rack.
Abacus
a French mathematician invented the first mechanical machine, a rectangular brass box, called Pascaline
Blaise Pascal
it could perform addition and subtraction on
whole numbers.
Pascaline
a Frenchman invented the
machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
Colmar
a machine that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Arithmometer
a British mathematician at Cambridge University invented the first analytical engine or difference engine.
Charles Babbage
known as ‘the father of the modern
digital computer”.
Charles Babbage
This was the first fully automatic calculating machine
Mark I
Who designed Mark I
Howard Aiken (in collaboration with IBM)
could perform the basic arithmetic and complex equations
Mark I
world’s first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
Who developed Atanasoff-Berry Computer
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
ENIAC was built using
18,000 Vacuum Tubes
70, 000 resistors
1,500 relays
and consumed 140 kilowatts of electrical power
ENIAC
Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator
This was the first machine that used the stored program concept.
EDVAC
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
5 distinct units of EDVAC
arithmetic
central control
memory
input
output
Who designed EDVAC
Dr. John Von Neumann (mud 1490s)
Who designed UNIVAC
Remington Rand
this computer is designed specifically for business data processing applications.
UNIVAC
UNIVAC
Universal Automatic Computer
was the first general-purpose
commercially available computer.
UNIVAC
In the second generation of computers Vacuum tube technology was replaced by
transistors
what generation does the concept of the stored-program emerged.
2nd generation of computers
The first
transistorized computer was
TX-0.
The third-generation computers were characterized by use of
Integrated circuits
The Fourth Generation realized _____ which could fit hundreds
of components on one chip and ____ which squeezed
thousands of components on one chip.
Large Scale Integration (LSI) - Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)
a form of computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.
Analog Computer
computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.
digital computer
Classification of Digital Computer
- Notebook computer/laptop computer
- hand held computer
are a combination of Analog and Digital computers. They
combine the speed of analog computers and the accuracy of digital computers.
Hybrid Computer
Classification of Hybrid Computers
Special Purpose Computer
General Purpose Computer
These are developed with a specific purpose.
Special Purpose Computer
These are developed to meet the requirements of several areas
General Purpose Computer
Classification of General-Purpose Computers
-Supercomputer
-Mainframe Computer
-Mini computer
-Micro computer
These have extremely large storage capacities
and computing speeds
which are at least 10 times faster than other computers.
Supercomputer
They are used in applications like weather forecasting, space applications, etc., they
support a large number of terminals for use by a
variety of users simultaneously, but are expensive.
Mainframe Computer
It is a medium-sized computer with moderate cost, available indigenously, and
used for large volume applications.
Mini Computer
is the smallest general-purpose processing system.
micro computer
also referred to as personal computers‖(PC).
micro computer
Application of Computers
Scientific, Engineering, and Research
Business
Medicine
Information
Education
Games and Entertainment
Computers are super-fast machines and can process millions of instructions per second.
Smaller computers can execute thousands of instructions per second
Speed
They are capable of executing hundreds of
instructions without any errors.
Accuracy
The computer can perform repetitive tasks with the same efficiency any number of times without exhausting
their selves.
Efficiency
Computers are capable of storing large amounts of data in their storage devices.
storage
They are capable not only of performing complex mathematical tasks of science and engineering, but also other non-numerical operations
Versatility
Computers can be instructed to perform complex tasks automatically
Automation
Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with the same accuracy
without getting tired.
Diligence
Computers reduce the amount of paperwork and human effort
Cost-effectiveness
Disadvantages of computer
Spread of pornography
Virus and hacking attack
Crashed network
Spread pf violence and hatred
Data and information violation
Group of integrated parts designed to achieve a common objective
System
Made up of more than one element where each element performs a specific function and where all the elements are logically related and controlled in such a way that the goal of the system is achieved
System
Components of a computer system
Input unit
Central processing unit
Output unit
Transform the data into a form a computer can accept
Input devices
Reads and executes program instructions
CPU
Known as the brain of the comp
CPU
CPU consist of
Memory unit/storage
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
Controls the operation of the entire unit system
Control unit
Execute the instructions and perform all the calculation and decision
ALU
Also called as main memory
Primary storage unit
Input units are stored in
Primary storage unit
Also the area where intermediate results of calculation are stored
Primary storage unit
Give the results of the process and commutations to the outside world
Output unit
Physical device used to store programs and data
Memory
2 types of memory
Primary
Secondary
Used for the nformation in physical systems which are fast
Primary memory
Physical devices for program and daya storage which are slow but offer higher memory capacity
Secondary memory
Primary memory stored in secondary memory is called
Virtual memory
Primary memory can be recognized as
Volatile memory (RAM)
Non volatile memory (ROM)
computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information
Volatile memory
RAM stands for
Random Access Memory
2 types of ram
Static RAM
Dynamic RAM
retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to interface but uses six transistors per bit
SRAM
More complicated to interface and to control and needs regular refresh cycles to prevent its contents being lost. Uses only one transistor and a capacitor per bit.
DRAM
A computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered
Non volatile (ROM)
ROM stands for
Read Only Memory
is an intermediate between RAM and processor. It is very fast.
Cache Memoy
Is a RAM that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM
Cache Memory
is a new optical disc formay
Blu-Ray disc
