Lesson 1

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in thinking emotional functioning skill and or behavior as a result of experience

• the acquisition of knowledge
• the process of gaining knowledge

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Learning is something all humans do:

Answer 2

Fetuses learn
Infants learn
Children learn
Adults learn

Question 3

True or False

Learning is uniquely human — not all living things learn

Answer 3

False

Question 4

True or False

Learning evolved as an adaptation for promoting survival

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False

There are times when what was learned needs to be on learned

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Is a logical framework describing explaining or predicting how people learn

Answer 6

Learning Theory

Question 7

Learning involves the individuals’:

Answer 7

Brain
Body

Question 8

Learning involves others:

Answer 8

Dyads
Groups
Organizations
Communities
Society

Question 9

Learning takes place somewhere:

Answer 9

In physical environment
With things and tools

Question 10

Products of learning:

Learning is about…

Answer 10

Ideas & Concepts
Behaviors & Skills
Attitudes & Values

Question 11

Provides a general explanation for observations made over time

• explains and predicts behavior
• can never be established beyond all doubt
• maybe modified
• maybe widely accepted for a long time and later disapproved

Answer 11

Theory

Question 12

How do people learn?

Answer 12

We do not know for sure. But, we have multiple theories that provide glimpses of an answer from many different perspectives

Question 13

Learning Theories:

Answer 13

Behaviorist LT
Cognitive LT
Social LT

Question 14

Observes a person’s responses to the environment and then manipulates the stimuli in the environment

• learning is the result of connections made between the stimulus conditions in the environment and the individuals responses
• S–R Model of Learning
• recommends altering the conditions in the environment and reinforcing positive behaviors after they occur

Answer 14

Behaviorist Learning Theory

Question 15

Is explained as the desire to reduce some drive (drive reduction) such as the desire for food, security, recognition, and money

Answer 15

Motivation

Question 16

Occurs when there is a similarity in the stimuli and responses in the initial learning situation two future situations where behavior is expected to occur

Answer 16

Transfer of learning

Question 17

Two ways to change behavior in behaviorist learning theory:

Answer 17

Respondent Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Question 18

• First identified and demonstrated by a russian physiologist
• also termed as Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
• emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions in the environment and the association formed in the learning process

Answer 18

Respondent Conditioning

Question 19

The Russian physiologist who first identified and demonstrated Respondent Conditioning

Answer 19

Ivan Pavlov

Question 20

Basic model of learning of Respondent Conditioning:

Answer 20

Neutral stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Condition stimulus (CS)
Condition response (CR)

Question 21

Basic Model of Learning:
Stimulus that has no special value or meaning to be learned

Answer 21

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Question 22

Fill in the blanks:

Respondent Conditioning highlights the importance of what is going on in the ________ in healthcare

Answer 22

Environment

Question 23

Fill in the blank:

Principles of respondent conditioning maybe used to get rid of or eliminate a previously _____ _____

Answer 23

learned response

Question 24

Fill in the blank:

Respondent Conditioning is especially useful in teaching people to _____ or _____

Answer 24

reduce their anxiety; break bad habits

Question 25

Is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologist to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients

Answer 25

Systemic Desensitization

Question 26

Fill in the blanks Systemic desensitization assumption is that fear of a particular stimulus or situation is learned thus it can also be _____ or ______

Answer 26

Unlearned; distinguished

Question 27

This method involves teaching fearful individuals relaxation techniques, then fear producing stimulus is gradually introduced at a non threatening level so that anxiety and emotions are not aroused

Answer 27

Systemic Desensitization

Question 28

The tendency of initial learning experience to be easily applied to other similar stimuli Example: listening to friends and relatives describe a hospital experience it becomes apparent that a highly positive or negative personal encounter may color the patients evaluation of their hospital stays as well as their subsequent feelings about having to be hospitalized again.

Answer 28

Stimulus Generalization

Question 29

Patients who have been hospitalized a number of times often have learned a lot about hospitalization as a result of their experiences they make sophisticated distinctions and can discriminate among stimuli

Answer 29

Discrimination Learning

Question 30

- a useful respondent conditioning concept - principle is although a response may appear to be extinguished it may recover and reappear at any time especially when stimulus conditions are similar to those in the initial learning experience - "It is much easier to learn a behavior than to unlearn it"

Answer 30

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 31

Focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response

Answer 31

Operant Conditioning

Question 32

Who developed Operant Conditioning?

Answer 32

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (BF Skinner)

Question 33

A _____ is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again

Answer 33

Reinforcement

Question 34

Modified T or F The best way to increase the probability that a response will occur again is to apply negative reinforcement or rewards before the behavior occurs

Answer 34

Positive Reinforcement; after

Question 35

Kinds of reinforcements to give to increase the probability of a response:

Answer 35

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Question 36

A kind of reinforcement that applies a pleasant stimulus to increase the behavior

Answer 36

Positive Reinforcement

Question 37

A kind of reinforcement that applies a pleasant stimulus following an organism's response

Answer 37

Reward Conditioning

Question 38

A kind of reinforcement that removes an aversive or unpleasant stimulus

Answer 38

Negative Reinforcement

Question 39

A kind of reinforcement that applies an aversive stimulus, that the organism makes a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease

Answer 39

Escape Conditioning

Question 40

A kind of reinforcement where an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event

Answer 40

Avoidance Conditioning

Question 41

Kinds of reinforcements to give to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response:

Answer 41

Nonreinforcement Punishment

Question 42

A type of reinforcement where an organism's condition response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement

Answer 42

Nonreinforcement

Question 43

A kind of reinforcement that follows a response, an aversive stimulus is applied that the organism cannot escape or avoid

Answer 43

Punishment

Question 44

Learning theory that focuses on what goes on inside the mind of the learner - this theory stresses the importance of what goes "inside" the learner

Answer 44

Cognitive Learning Theory

Question 45

Fill in the blanks: According to cognitive learning theory for individuals to learn, they must change their perceptions and _____ and form new _____ and insights

Answer 45

thoughts; understandings

Question 46

Modified True or False: In Cognitive Learning Theory the individual largely directs the learning process by organizing information based on new information and then reorganizing the information into new understanding

Answer 46

False; based on what is already known

Question 47

The learner's understanding of their way of learning

Answer 47

Metacognition

Question 48

The ability to take information learned in one situation and apply it to another

Answer 48

Transfer

Question 49

Cognitive Theory well known perspectives:

Answer 49

Gestalt Perspective, Information Processing, Cognitive Development, Social Cognition Theory

Question 50

One of the oldest psychological theories - emphasizes the importance of perception and learning - refers to the configuration or patterned organization of cognitive elements reflecting the maxim that: "The whole is larger than the sum of its parts"

Answer 50

Gestalt Perspective

Question 51

Fill in the blanks: (Gestalt Perspective) Perception and _____ of stimuli are the keystone learning with each learner perceiving, interpreting, & ____ experiences in their own ____

Answer 51

patterning; reorganizing; way