Lesson 1

Question 1

a discipline of biology concerned with the processes & patterns of biological evolution, especially in relation to the diversity of organisms and how they change overtime.

Answer 1

Evolutionary Biology

Question 2

• earth is ancient
• all organisms share a common inheritance
• natural events can be explained by discoverable natural laws

Answer 2

Modern Theory of evolution

Question 3

saw species as unchangeable and arranged in hierarchical from most imperfect to most perfect (expressed as the Great
Chain of Being).

Answer 3

Idealistic Philosophy

Question 4

proposed mechanism - evolution by Natural Selection

Answer 4

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 5

Natural Selection tied to interactions :

Answer 5

a. between organisms
b. between organisms
and their environment

Question 6

Mechanism of inheritance based on what?

Answer 6

genetic code

Question 7

Began with Latin term Evolutio, (17th century) which means

Answer 7

unrolling, describe as unfolding the parts and organs

Question 8

used evolution to describe the preformed development of the adult in egg

Answer 8

Albrecht von Haller

Question 9

developed the concept of preformation

Answer 9

Charles Bonnet

Question 10

miniature adult was contained within the egg/male seminal fluid

Answer 10

preformists: ovists and spermists

Question 11

classical expression belief of spontaneous generation - rat evol

Answer 11

Johann von Helmont

Question 12

gradual origin of invertebrate groups in successive strata of rocks

Answer 12

Robert Grant

Question 13

gradual improvement of aquatic organisms to land

Answer 13

Charles Lyell

Question 14

spontaneous generation - fly evol

Answer 14

Francesco Redi

Question 15

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 15

broth experiment

Question 16

Louis Pasteur

Answer 16

fermentation process used in beer and wine

Question 17

• theory of evolution by means of natural selection
• published the origin of species

Answer 17

Charles Darwin

Question 18

Individuals who possess heritable traits that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and to produce more offspring than to individuals who are less adapted to the environment.

Answer 18

better adapted, more likely to survive and to produce, less adapted

Question 19

why charles darwin became a controversial scientist?

Answer 19

considered dangerous in 19th-century England because it threatened the prevailing views of the Anglican Church and society at large

Question 20

changing environment - presence of hereditary variation - differential reproduction - modification of existing character

Question 21

gregor mendel - pea plants

Answer 21

Mendelian Genetics - discovery of mutation (saltation)

Question 22

first step of evolution (affects individual)

Answer 22

Mutation

Question 23

change in gene frequency through time (affects population)

Answer 23

Evolution

Question 24

darwin and mendel
mendelism + darwinism

Answer 24

Neo-darwinism

Question 25

the genetic variation in population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors (law predicts that both genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant because the are in equilibrium)

Answer 25

Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium

Question 26

5 conditions must hold in order for allele and genotype remain constant over many generations:

Answer 26

1.no mutation
2.no migration
3.larger population
4.random mating
5.no natural selection

Question 27

population frequency within a population, under the influence of:

Answer 27

selection
mutation
gene flow
genetic drift

Question 28

1.original theory of Charles Darwin to explain the origin of new specie
2. accumulation of continuous variations causes changes in individuals to form new species
3. believes in the selection of individuals on the basis of accumulation of variation
4. darwinism does not believe in isolation
5. can explain the origin of new characters
6. darwinism cannot explain the persistence of forms in the unchanged conditions

Answer 28

Darwinisim (Natural Selection)

Question 29

1. modification of the original theory of Darwin to remove its shortcomings
2. mutations are believed to help form new species
3. Variations accumulate in the gene pool and not in the individuals
4. incorporates isolation as an essential component of evolution
5. can explain the occurrence of unchanged forms over million of years
6. normally only those modification are transferred to next generation which influence germ cells or where somatic cells give rise to germ cells

Answer 29

neo-darwinism

Question 30

the process organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Answer 30

natural selection

Question 31

selective breeding
choose traits and breed organisms for that trait
no isolation - sterile hybrid is formed

Answer 31

artificial selection

Question 32

explains traits that seem to have no survival benefit
“fitness” isnt just about survival, its about reproduction
ex. peacock

Answer 32

sexual selection

Question 33

female choose sexy males so their sons can be sexy too
- fortunate few males who wins to the copulations

Answer 33

sexy son hypothesis

Question 34

honestly attractive

Answer 34

Good genes

Question 35

the random change in allele frequency - occurs in small populations that break away from larger groups

Answer 35

genetic drift

Question 36

drastically reduces the size of population. (environmental disaster, habitat destruction)

Answer 36

population bottleneck

Question 37

evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organisms relatives, even at a cost to the organisms own survival and reproduction

Answer 37

kin selection

Question 38

look like altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection

Answer 38

kin altruism

Question 39

describes natural selection operating between groups of organisms, rather that between individuals

Answer 39

group selection

Question 40

Evolution is the change in the genetic make up of populations over time. All living things change. Evolution is a fact.

Answer 40

the mechanism of the evolution ( how it happens) is a theory.

Question 41

facts of evolution

Answer 41

fossil forms they left behind
genes, chromosomes and molecular features that connect them