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VMCB 322 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are commensals

A

acquired soon after birth, are able to adhere to body
surface

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2
Q

can exist as a commensal in the rumen but when it
transfers to the liver of feedlot cattle it can act as a pathogen that causes hepatic
abscesses.

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

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3
Q

What is pathogen?

A

Compete with normal flora to foothold in the niche, bring disease to the host

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4
Q

Capacity of the pathogen to produce a disease

A

Pathogenicity

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5
Q

virulence

A

The degree of pathogen to produce a disease.

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6
Q

Virulence factors

A

Adhesins
Capsule
Toxin

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7
Q

Genes encode virulence factors

A

Plasmid
Bacteriophages
Pathogenicity Island

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8
Q

Animals become infected of their own bacteria (microrlora) /..when the
bacteria gain access to sites from which they are usually absent.

A

Endogenous infection

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9
Q

What is exogenous infection?

A

direct or indirect transmission of pathogen from an
infected animal or from the environment

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10
Q

main portals of entry of infection

A

Mucosae of the
gastrointestinal Respiratory tract
Urogenital tract

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11
Q

Pathogen- host interaction

A

determined by the virulence of the bacteria and by the effectiveness of the host
response.

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12
Q

Two categories of pathogen that are able to survive in a host.

A

Obligate intracellular pathogen
Facultative intracellular pathogen

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13
Q

Example of obligate intracellular pathogen

A

Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae

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14
Q

Example of facultative intracellular pathogen.

A

Mycobacterium sp.
Brucella sp.
Salmonella sp.

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15
Q

Major virulence factor

A

Adhesins
Capsule
Toxins

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16
Q

Use by pathogen to attach to host tissues and to resist the flushing action of body fluids

A

Adhesins

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17
Q

Use by uropathogenic E. coli to attach the
epithelial cells of the urinary bladder.

A

type 1 fimbriae

18
Q

Use by uropayhogenic E. Coli to attach to epithelial cells in the kidney.

A

P fimbriae

19
Q

a transcription factor
that moves to the cell nucleus where it up-regulates the expression of a number of
pro-inflammatory genes.

A

nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)

20
Q

Function of capsule

A

Protecting the bacterium from engulfment of phagocytes, and from attack by antimicrobial agents

21
Q

Components of capsule of bacillus anthracis

A

Polyglutamic acid

22
Q

Two types of toxin

A

Endotoxins,
Exotoxins

23
Q

Two types of toxin

A

Endotoxins,
Exotoxins

24
Q

Two types of toxin

A

Endotoxins,
Exotoxins

25
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer leaflet of the outer
membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A

Endotoxins

26
Q

Components of endotoxins

A

Glycolipid
Polysaccharide (core oligosaccharides)
Opolysaccharide (o antigen)

27
Q

Processes toxic enzymatic activity

A

A subunit

28
Q

Responsible for binding the exotoxin to specific receptor on the host cell membrane

A

B subunits

29
Q

Categories of exotoxins:

A

(i) toxins that act on the extracellular matrix

(ii)
toxins that act on the plasma membrane of their target cells, where they interfere
with transmembrane signalling pathways or alter membrane permeability

(iii) toxins
that act inside the cells, where they modify signalling pathways or the activities of the
cytoskeleton; and

(iv) toxins that cause dysfunction of the immune system, so-called
superantigens.

30
Q

Capable of detecting conserve molecular pattern that are unique to microorganisms and are not expressed by the host

A

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

31
Q

Serves as ligand for host pattern recognition molecules such as toll like receptors.

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)

32
Q

If the pathogen is shed into faeces continuously ( asymptomatic)

A

Latent Carrier

33
Q

If the pathogen is shed into faeces intermettently ( symptomatic)

A

Active carrier

34
Q

Two routes by which invasive pathogens can reach the epithelial barrier:

A

Intercellular spaces (paracellular route)
Epithelial cell (transcellular route)

35
Q

Bacteria that can take paracellular routes

A

enteropathogenic E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
Helicobacter pylori
Clostridium species
Salmonella serovars.

Shigella sp.

36
Q

Two major type of induced uptake:

A

Zipper mechanism
Trigger mechanism

37
Q

is induced by specific ligand–receptor
interactions at the cell membrane

A

zipper mechanism

38
Q

induced by
effector molecules delivered into the cell by a type III secretory system.

A

trigger mechanism

39
Q

usually have a short severe
clinical course, often a matter of days, and the invading bacteria are usually cleared
from the body by the host’s immune response

A

Acute infections

40
Q

tend to occur when the host fails to eliminate the
pathogen.

A

Chronic infections

VMCB 322 (3 decks)

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