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Microbiology And Parasitology > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds.

A

Fungi

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2
Q

the study of fungi is known as

A

Mycology

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3
Q

Fungi feed by _______ of nutrients from the environment around them

A

Absorption

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4
Q

Most fungi are __________ feeding on dead or decaying material.

A

Saprophytes

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5
Q

Type of cell. Fungi are composed of eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organelles. Unique to fungi is that _____

A

they can maintain two distinct nuclei per cell.

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6
Q

The cell wall of a fungi was compose of ____&

A

Chitin

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7
Q

What is the mode of reproduction of a fungi?

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

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8
Q

sexual mode of reproduction of fungi is referred to as

A

Teleomorph

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9
Q

asexual mode of reproduction of fungi is called

A

Anamorph

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10
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungi takes place with the help of spores called

A

conidia or zoospores or sporangiospores.

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11
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi occurs in the

A

ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.

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12
Q

Fungi also undergo vegetative reproduction that includes

A

budding, fission, and fragmentation.

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13
Q

Some fungi are filamentous, which are called

A

Haypae

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14
Q

some fungi with cross-walls called

A

Septa

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15
Q

The hypha branch repeatedly into a complicated, radially expanding network called the

A

Mycelium

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16
Q

There are some fungi that exist in the form of mold or filamentous and yeast, known as

A

Dimorphic fungi

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17
Q

grow on meat, cheese and bread

A

Common molds ( zygomycota)

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18
Q

a resting spore containing zygotes that are formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle

A

Zygospore

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19
Q

The zygomycota asexual spore are known as

A

Sporangiospores

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20
Q

are rootlike hyphae that penetrate the bread’s surface

A

Rhizoids

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21
Q

are stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of the bread.

A

Stolon

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22
Q

is named for the ascus, the reproductive structure it contains

A

Sac fungi ( Ascomycota )

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23
Q

Ascomycota sexual spores are

A

Ascospore

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24
Q

Ascomycota asexual spore are

A

Conidiospore

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25
Q

It gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.

A

Club fungi ( Basidiomycota )

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26
Q

The spore-bearing structure of a club fungi is called the

A

Basidium

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27
Q

comprises a miscellaneous assortment of fungi that do not fit neatly in other divisions; they have in common an apparent lack of sexual reproductive features.

A

Imperfect fungi ( Deuteromycota )

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28
Q

are found primarily in aquatic environments.

A

Chytrids

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29
Q

causes pneumonia when its spores are inhaled, thrive in the dry and sandy soil of the southwestern United States that parasitize coral reefs in the ocean

A

Coccidioides immitis

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30
Q

are required in large quantities by biological systems, and yet are not abundant in the environmen

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

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31
Q

is the ecological interaction between two organisms that live together.

A

Symbiosis

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32
Q

When both members of the association benefit, the symbiotic relationship is called

A

Mutualistic

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33
Q

refers to the fungal partner of a mutualistic association between vascular plant roots and their symbiotic fungi.

A

Mycorrhiza

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34
Q

depend on fungi enveloping the roots in a sheath

A

Ectomycorrhizae

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35
Q

Hyphae grow from the mantle into the root and envelope the outer layers of the root cells in a network of hyphae

A

Hartig net

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36
Q

also called arbuscular mycorrhizae, are produced when the fungi grow inside the root in a branched structure called an arbuscule

A

Endomycorrhizae

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37
Q

Fungi have evolved mutualisms with numerous insects in Phylum

A

Arthropoda

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38
Q

is a pesticide being tested as a possible biological control agent for the recent spread of emerald ash borer.

A

Beauveria bassiana

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39
Q

is an insect that attacks ash trees.

A

Emerald ash borer

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40
Q

also known as baker’s yeast, is an important ingredient in wine, beer and bread.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae,

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41
Q

exist in environments ranging from
oceans, rivers, and lakes to ponds, brackish
waters and even snow.

A

Algae

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42
Q

algae living in snow contain

A

Carotenoid pigments

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43
Q

Most algae are _________ and carry on photosynthesis.

A

Photoautotrophic

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44
Q

obtain energy from
chemical reactions and nutrients from preformed organic matter.

A

Chemoheterotrophic

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45
Q

occur most frequently in water, especially in plankton

A

Unicellular algae

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46
Q

population of free‐floating microorganisms composed primarily of unicellular
algae.

A

Phytoplankton

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47
Q

The zygote develops into a
sexual spore, which germinates when conditions are favorable to reproduce
and reform the haploid organism having a single set of chromosomes. This
pattern of reproduction is called

A

Alternation of generation

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48
Q

“a taxonomic rank above
class and below kingdom” or “the assemblage of biological species on the basis of general
body plan”.

A

Phylum

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49
Q

It is a large, informal grouping of algae having the primary photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll a and b, along with auxiliary pigments such as xanthophylls and beta carotene

A

Green algae

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50
Q

are larger and more species are found in colder waters along
continental coasts. Chlorophyll a and c

A

Brown algae

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51
Q

The walls of brown algae are made of

A

Cellulose and alginic acid

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52
Q

is a division of unicellular algae that has a yellow brown color, and has
two different flagella which are ribbon-shaped.

A

Pyrrophyta

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53
Q

A division of predominantly unicellular algae (sometimes alternatively regarded as
protozoa, class Phytomastigophora) in which the chloroplasts contain large amounts of the
pigment fucoxanthin, giving the algae their brown colour.

A

Chrysophyta

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54
Q

A division of predominantly unicellular algae (sometimes alternatively regarded as
protozoa, class Phytomastigophora) in which the chloroplasts contain large amounts of the
pigment fucoxanthin, giving the algae their brown colour.

A

Chrysophyta

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55
Q

it is a distinctive species found in marine as well as
freshwater ecosystems

A

Red algae ( Rhodophyta )

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56
Q

are responsible for
the characteristic red coloration of the algae.

A

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

57
Q

are mostly tiny,
single-celled eukaryotes and make use of flagella for
movement.

A

Euglenophyta

58
Q

are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats.

A

Protozoa

59
Q

This is a stage that requires ample food and moisture to remain active

A

Trophozoite

60
Q

Many species are
also capable of entering into a dormant, resting stage called

A

Cyst

61
Q

Major locomotor organelles are
pseudopods “false feet” such as free-living
form like Amoeba proteus and parasitic forms
like Entamoeba histolytica, although some
species have flagellated reproduction states.

A

Amoebae ( Sarcodina )

62
Q

Entamoebas called

A

Foraminifera

63
Q

are responsible
for chalk deposits in the ocean.

A

Radiolarians

64
Q

are single
nucleus, sexual reproduction by longitudinal fission.

A

Flagellates ( Mastigophora)

65
Q

Locomotion is carried out by means of short
hair-like projections called cilia, whose
synchronous beating propels the organisms
such as free-living forms like Paramecium
caudatum, Stentor polymorpha, Vorticella
campanula and parasitic form like
Balantidium coli.

A

Ciliates ( Ciliophora)

66
Q

do not have locomotor organelles in their
mature stage; however, immature forms
exhibit some type of movement

A

Sporozoa

67
Q

A long, mobile filament that the Euglena uses to propel itself in its
environmen

A

Flagellum

68
Q

The part used for storage of nutrients.

A

Reservoir

69
Q

A light sensitive-spot that allows the Euglena to detect light, so that it may move
towards it in order to conduct photosynthesis.

A

Stigma

70
Q

Organelle that allows the organism to conduct photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

71
Q

Expels excess water into the reservoir, or else the cell would burst.

A

Contractile vacuole

72
Q

Stiff membrane made of proteins and somewhat flexible, can also be used for
locomotion when crunching up and down or wriggling.

A

Pellicle

73
Q

contains chromosomes, with two copies of each chromosome; hence this
nucleus is diploid, as is common in eukaryotes.

A

Micronucleus

74
Q

star-shaped gathers excess water through microtubule-lined
channels and periodically pumps it out through another special pore.

A

Contractile vacuole

75
Q

help paramecium move and sweep food into the oral groove

A

Cilia

76
Q

collects food until it is sweeped into the cell mouth

A

Oral groove

77
Q

used for defense

A

Trichocyst

78
Q

forms food vacuoles

A

Gullet

79
Q

storage unit of food for the amoeba and is formed only when the
amoeba has engulfed its prey completely – then digestive enzymes are released into
the vacuole.

A

Food vacuole

80
Q

to regulate the water content of the cell and also a means of
excreting its waste from the cell (out through the cell membrane) VIA diffusion.

A

Contractile vacuole

81
Q

“false feet” are used for movement and to engulf prey.

A

Pseudopods

82
Q

is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa,
including malaria parasites. Conoid - shows identical components in all parasites studied.

A

Apicoplast

83
Q

are specialized secretory organelles.

A

Dense granules

84
Q

specialized secretory organelles important for gliding motility and host cell
invasion.

A

Micronomes

85
Q

simple cytostome consisting of an invasion of the plasma membrane.

A

Micronome

86
Q

They are bits of
hereditary information (nucleic acids) bundled inside a protein coat. When they insert their
bundle of hereditary information into a host cell,

A

Virus

87
Q

proposed the term virus

A

Louise pasteur

88
Q

showed that a disease in tobacco was caused by a virus

A

D. Ivanovski and M. Bejirinck

89
Q

discovered a virus that causes
foot-and mouth disease in cattle

A

Friedrich loeffler and Paul Frosch

90
Q

are a unique group of biological entities known to infect every type of cell,
including bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and
animals.

A

Viruses

91
Q

Together
the capsids and the nucleic acid are referred
to as the

A

Nucleocapsid

92
Q

the capsid of any virus is
constructed from a number of identical protein subunits called

A

Capsomeres

93
Q

have
rod-shaped capsomers that bind together to form
a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet.

A

Helical capsids

94
Q

is charged with
the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy.

A

International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) i

95
Q

is a classification system that places viruses into
one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA),
strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), and method of transcription (m Rna
synthesis).

A

Baltimore classification 1971

96
Q

is a virological
taxon included in the family Filoviridae
(filament-shaped viruses), order
Mononegavirales.

A

Ebola virus

97
Q

Is grouped to the genus Lentivirus within
the family of Retroviridae, subfamily
Orthoretrovirinae.

A

HIV

98
Q

belongs to the order
Mononegavirales, viruses with a
non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA
genomes.

A

Rabies

99
Q

(DENV) belongs to the
family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.
It is a single-stranded positive-sense
ribonucleic acid virus with 10,700
bases.

A

Dengue virus

100
Q

are members of the
family Orthomyxoviridae. This family represents
enveloped viruses the genome of which
consists of segmented negative-sense
single-strand RNA segments. T

A

Influenza virus

101
Q

Belong to
the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and the
subfamily Coronavirinae, are enveloped,
positive-sense RNA viruses that contain the largest
known RNA genomes with a length of up to 32 kb.

A

Sars cov

102
Q

which occurs when a virus has infected a cell,
replicated new virus particles, and bursts through
the cell membrane.

A

Lytic cycle

103
Q

is a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a
host cell.

A

Lysogenic cycle

104
Q

first used the embryonated hen’s
egg for the cultivation of virus.

A

Good pasture

105
Q

refers to the growth and maintenance of living tissue cells in vitro.

A

Tissue culture

106
Q

are small
tissue fragment samples from the host that are maintained in culture,

A

Explant culture

107
Q

result from the breaking down of various host tissues into individual cells.

A

Cell culture

108
Q

Viruses are routinely
used in the genetic modification of
model organisms for research
purposes. The production of transgenic
plants and animals in agriculture has
also been established, but germ line
modification of humans has not been
attempted for technical and ethical
reasons.

A

Gene therapy

109
Q

A
number of viruses are associated with
cancer in humans and these have
provided the first prevention of cancers by vaccination

A

Prevention and control

110
Q

The use of biological
organisms to control damaging pests is
broadly known as biological control, or
biocontrol. Traditionally this has been used in
agriculture, but applications exist in the
control of agents important to human health
as well.

A

Pest control

111
Q

is a type (strain) of coronavirus
(Figure 4.1.26). A virus is a very small
(microscopic) type of germ that can cause an
infection. It can only replicate in a host, such as a
person or other living things

A

Covid 19

112
Q

are single-celled organisms that can survive as free-living organisms or as
parasites.

A

Protozoa

113
Q

are frequently transmitted to another human via a fecal-oral route

A

Human intestine dwelling protozoa

114
Q

refers to parasites that live or feed on the outside of the
body, such as ticks, fleas, mites (such as scabies), and lice.

A

Ectoparasites

115
Q

(which can live with a host or can live separately)

A

Facultative parasite

116
Q

(which cannot live free of the host for any part of their lives

A

Obligate parasite

117
Q

(parasites that don’t cause disease

A

Commensal parasite

118
Q

are the systems by which parasites are spread from one host
to the next and can be either biological or mechanical.

A

Vectors

119
Q

The host in which the
parasite reproduces sexually is called the

A

Definitive host

120
Q

The host in which the parasite
undergoes asexual reproduction or in which the larvae develop are called

A

Intermediate host

121
Q

is an ameba (also spelled amoeba)
whose life cycle involves trophozoites and cysts

A

E. Histolytica

122
Q

Life cycle of E. histolytica histolytica trophozoites can kill some human cells using a
protein called an

A

Amoebapore

123
Q

is the treatment of choice. For E histolytica

A

metronidazole and paromomycin

124
Q

is a tear-shaped
flagellate protozoan with ventral sucking disks
and 4 pairs of flagella.

A

Giardia intestinales

125
Q

is a flagellate protozoan like Giardia intestinalis. is found in
the genitourinary tract. only has a trophozoite form which is also the infective
stage.
has an elongated nucleus, five flagella, and an undulating membrane

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

126
Q

are intestinal sporozoan protozoa with an asexual phase
that forms sporozoites; the sporozoites then produce oocysts.

A

Cryptosporidium

127
Q

is found in most vertebrates but
particularly in cattle and sheep.

A

C parvum

128
Q

is primarily a parasite of humans

A

C hominis

129
Q

looks very similar to Cryptosporidium spp. but is twice as big. It is
spread by the fecal-oral route (like Cryptosporidium) and is found in contaminated water and
fruit found all over the world.

A

Cyclospora cayetanesis

130
Q

bilaterally symmetrical; surrounded by a strong,
flexible non-cellular layer or cuticle; round body
and unsegmented; and with full digestive tract
(mouth to anus)

A

Nematodes ( Round worm)

131
Q

often through
contaminated fingers, clothing or bedding.

A

Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)

132
Q

often through
contaminated fingers, clothing or bedding.

A

Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)

133
Q

begins when eggs are ingested by the host. These eggs
have a thick brown shell with knobbed ends containing bipolar plugs; they hatch in the small
intestine where the larvae develop into adults.

A
134
Q

is the largest of the
roundworms. It can grow up to 35 cm in length as an adult!

A

Lumbricoides (Ascaris Lumbricoides)

135
Q

has the most complicated of all
nematode life cycles. One life cycle stage occurs
entirely in the soil (free-living, non-parasitic stage),
which is unique amongst human helminthic
infections.

A

Threadworm (Strongyloides Stercoralis)

136
Q

has the most complicated of all
nematode life cycles. One life cycle stage occurs
entirely in the soil (free-living, non-parasitic stage),
which is unique amongst human helminthic
infections.

A

Threadworm (Strongyloides Stercoralis)

137
Q

enter human hosts through ingestion of
undercooked pork or game (e.g. bear, wild boar). Larvae exist within cysts in undercooked
meat; once ingested, they migrate from the stomach into the small intestine.

A

Trichinella species

138
Q

is a disease caused by the accidental ingestion of larvae of Anisakis
simplex (a.k.a. the ‘cod’ worm) and related worms found in undercooked fish

A

Anasikiasis

Microbiology And Parasitology (1 decks)

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