Lesson 1 Flashcards
is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds.
Fungi
the study of fungi is known as
Mycology
Fungi feed by _______ of nutrients from the environment around them
Absorption
Most fungi are __________ feeding on dead or decaying material.
Saprophytes
Type of cell. Fungi are composed of eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organelles. Unique to fungi is that _____
they can maintain two distinct nuclei per cell.
The cell wall of a fungi was compose of ____&
Chitin
What is the mode of reproduction of a fungi?
Asexual and sexual reproduction
sexual mode of reproduction of fungi is referred to as
Teleomorph
asexual mode of reproduction of fungi is called
Anamorph
Asexual reproduction of fungi takes place with the help of spores called
conidia or zoospores or sporangiospores.
Sexual reproduction of fungi occurs in the
ascospores, basidiospores, and oospores.
Fungi also undergo vegetative reproduction that includes
budding, fission, and fragmentation.
Some fungi are filamentous, which are called
Haypae
some fungi with cross-walls called
Septa
The hypha branch repeatedly into a complicated, radially expanding network called the
Mycelium
There are some fungi that exist in the form of mold or filamentous and yeast, known as
Dimorphic fungi
grow on meat, cheese and bread
Common molds ( zygomycota)
a resting spore containing zygotes that are formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle
Zygospore
The zygomycota asexual spore are known as
Sporangiospores
are rootlike hyphae that penetrate the bread’s surface
Rhizoids
are stemlike hyphae that run along the surface of the bread.
Stolon
is named for the ascus, the reproductive structure it contains
Sac fungi ( Ascomycota )
Ascomycota sexual spores are
Ascospore
Ascomycota asexual spore are
Conidiospore
It gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.
Club fungi ( Basidiomycota )
The spore-bearing structure of a club fungi is called the
Basidium
comprises a miscellaneous assortment of fungi that do not fit neatly in other divisions; they have in common an apparent lack of sexual reproductive features.
Imperfect fungi ( Deuteromycota )
are found primarily in aquatic environments.
Chytrids
causes pneumonia when its spores are inhaled, thrive in the dry and sandy soil of the southwestern United States that parasitize coral reefs in the ocean
Coccidioides immitis
are required in large quantities by biological systems, and yet are not abundant in the environmen
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
is the ecological interaction between two organisms that live together.
Symbiosis
When both members of the association benefit, the symbiotic relationship is called
Mutualistic
refers to the fungal partner of a mutualistic association between vascular plant roots and their symbiotic fungi.
Mycorrhiza
depend on fungi enveloping the roots in a sheath
Ectomycorrhizae
Hyphae grow from the mantle into the root and envelope the outer layers of the root cells in a network of hyphae
Hartig net
also called arbuscular mycorrhizae, are produced when the fungi grow inside the root in a branched structure called an arbuscule
Endomycorrhizae
Fungi have evolved mutualisms with numerous insects in Phylum
Arthropoda
is a pesticide being tested as a possible biological control agent for the recent spread of emerald ash borer.
Beauveria bassiana
is an insect that attacks ash trees.
Emerald ash borer
also known as baker’s yeast, is an important ingredient in wine, beer and bread.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
exist in environments ranging from
oceans, rivers, and lakes to ponds, brackish
waters and even snow.
Algae
algae living in snow contain
Carotenoid pigments
Most algae are _________ and carry on photosynthesis.
Photoautotrophic
obtain energy from
chemical reactions and nutrients from preformed organic matter.
Chemoheterotrophic
occur most frequently in water, especially in plankton
Unicellular algae
population of free‐floating microorganisms composed primarily of unicellular
algae.
Phytoplankton
The zygote develops into a
sexual spore, which germinates when conditions are favorable to reproduce
and reform the haploid organism having a single set of chromosomes. This
pattern of reproduction is called
Alternation of generation
“a taxonomic rank above
class and below kingdom” or “the assemblage of biological species on the basis of general
body plan”.
Phylum
It is a large, informal grouping of algae having the primary photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll a and b, along with auxiliary pigments such as xanthophylls and beta carotene
Green algae
are larger and more species are found in colder waters along
continental coasts. Chlorophyll a and c
Brown algae
The walls of brown algae are made of
Cellulose and alginic acid
is a division of unicellular algae that has a yellow brown color, and has
two different flagella which are ribbon-shaped.
Pyrrophyta
A division of predominantly unicellular algae (sometimes alternatively regarded as
protozoa, class Phytomastigophora) in which the chloroplasts contain large amounts of the
pigment fucoxanthin, giving the algae their brown colour.
Chrysophyta
A division of predominantly unicellular algae (sometimes alternatively regarded as
protozoa, class Phytomastigophora) in which the chloroplasts contain large amounts of the
pigment fucoxanthin, giving the algae their brown colour.
Chrysophyta
it is a distinctive species found in marine as well as
freshwater ecosystems
Red algae ( Rhodophyta )
are responsible for
the characteristic red coloration of the algae.
Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin
are mostly tiny,
single-celled eukaryotes and make use of flagella for
movement.
Euglenophyta
are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats.
Protozoa
This is a stage that requires ample food and moisture to remain active
Trophozoite
Many species are
also capable of entering into a dormant, resting stage called
Cyst
Major locomotor organelles are
pseudopods “false feet” such as free-living
form like Amoeba proteus and parasitic forms
like Entamoeba histolytica, although some
species have flagellated reproduction states.
Amoebae ( Sarcodina )
Entamoebas called
Foraminifera
are responsible
for chalk deposits in the ocean.
Radiolarians
are single
nucleus, sexual reproduction by longitudinal fission.
Flagellates ( Mastigophora)
Locomotion is carried out by means of short
hair-like projections called cilia, whose
synchronous beating propels the organisms
such as free-living forms like Paramecium
caudatum, Stentor polymorpha, Vorticella
campanula and parasitic form like
Balantidium coli.
Ciliates ( Ciliophora)
do not have locomotor organelles in their
mature stage; however, immature forms
exhibit some type of movement
Sporozoa
A long, mobile filament that the Euglena uses to propel itself in its
environmen
Flagellum
The part used for storage of nutrients.
Reservoir
A light sensitive-spot that allows the Euglena to detect light, so that it may move
towards it in order to conduct photosynthesis.
Stigma
Organelle that allows the organism to conduct photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Expels excess water into the reservoir, or else the cell would burst.
Contractile vacuole
Stiff membrane made of proteins and somewhat flexible, can also be used for
locomotion when crunching up and down or wriggling.
Pellicle
contains chromosomes, with two copies of each chromosome; hence this
nucleus is diploid, as is common in eukaryotes.
Micronucleus
star-shaped gathers excess water through microtubule-lined
channels and periodically pumps it out through another special pore.
Contractile vacuole
help paramecium move and sweep food into the oral groove
Cilia
collects food until it is sweeped into the cell mouth
Oral groove
used for defense
Trichocyst
forms food vacuoles
Gullet
storage unit of food for the amoeba and is formed only when the
amoeba has engulfed its prey completely – then digestive enzymes are released into
the vacuole.
Food vacuole
to regulate the water content of the cell and also a means of
excreting its waste from the cell (out through the cell membrane) VIA diffusion.
Contractile vacuole
“false feet” are used for movement and to engulf prey.
Pseudopods
is a derived non-photosynthetic plastid found in most Apicomplexa,
including malaria parasites. Conoid - shows identical components in all parasites studied.
Apicoplast
are specialized secretory organelles.
Dense granules
specialized secretory organelles important for gliding motility and host cell
invasion.
Micronomes
simple cytostome consisting of an invasion of the plasma membrane.
Micronome
They are bits of
hereditary information (nucleic acids) bundled inside a protein coat. When they insert their
bundle of hereditary information into a host cell,
Virus
proposed the term virus
Louise pasteur
showed that a disease in tobacco was caused by a virus
D. Ivanovski and M. Bejirinck
discovered a virus that causes
foot-and mouth disease in cattle
Friedrich loeffler and Paul Frosch
are a unique group of biological entities known to infect every type of cell,
including bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and
animals.
Viruses
Together
the capsids and the nucleic acid are referred
to as the
Nucleocapsid
the capsid of any virus is
constructed from a number of identical protein subunits called
Capsomeres
have
rod-shaped capsomers that bind together to form
a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet.
Helical capsids
is charged with
the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy.
International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) i
is a classification system that places viruses into
one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA),
strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), and method of transcription (m Rna
synthesis).
Baltimore classification 1971
is a virological
taxon included in the family Filoviridae
(filament-shaped viruses), order
Mononegavirales.
Ebola virus
Is grouped to the genus Lentivirus within
the family of Retroviridae, subfamily
Orthoretrovirinae.
HIV
belongs to the order
Mononegavirales, viruses with a
non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA
genomes.
Rabies
(DENV) belongs to the
family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus.
It is a single-stranded positive-sense
ribonucleic acid virus with 10,700
bases.
Dengue virus
are members of the
family Orthomyxoviridae. This family represents
enveloped viruses the genome of which
consists of segmented negative-sense
single-strand RNA segments. T
Influenza virus
Belong to
the order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, and the
subfamily Coronavirinae, are enveloped,
positive-sense RNA viruses that contain the largest
known RNA genomes with a length of up to 32 kb.
Sars cov
which occurs when a virus has infected a cell,
replicated new virus particles, and bursts through
the cell membrane.
Lytic cycle
is a method by which a virus can replicate its DNA using a
host cell.
Lysogenic cycle
first used the embryonated hen’s
egg for the cultivation of virus.
Good pasture
refers to the growth and maintenance of living tissue cells in vitro.
Tissue culture
are small
tissue fragment samples from the host that are maintained in culture,
Explant culture
result from the breaking down of various host tissues into individual cells.
Cell culture
Viruses are routinely
used in the genetic modification of
model organisms for research
purposes. The production of transgenic
plants and animals in agriculture has
also been established, but germ line
modification of humans has not been
attempted for technical and ethical
reasons.
Gene therapy
A
number of viruses are associated with
cancer in humans and these have
provided the first prevention of cancers by vaccination
Prevention and control
The use of biological
organisms to control damaging pests is
broadly known as biological control, or
biocontrol. Traditionally this has been used in
agriculture, but applications exist in the
control of agents important to human health
as well.
Pest control
is a type (strain) of coronavirus
(Figure 4.1.26). A virus is a very small
(microscopic) type of germ that can cause an
infection. It can only replicate in a host, such as a
person or other living things
Covid 19
are single-celled organisms that can survive as free-living organisms or as
parasites.
Protozoa
are frequently transmitted to another human via a fecal-oral route
Human intestine dwelling protozoa
refers to parasites that live or feed on the outside of the
body, such as ticks, fleas, mites (such as scabies), and lice.
Ectoparasites
(which can live with a host or can live separately)
Facultative parasite
(which cannot live free of the host for any part of their lives
Obligate parasite
(parasites that don’t cause disease
Commensal parasite
are the systems by which parasites are spread from one host
to the next and can be either biological or mechanical.
Vectors
The host in which the
parasite reproduces sexually is called the
Definitive host
The host in which the parasite
undergoes asexual reproduction or in which the larvae develop are called
Intermediate host
is an ameba (also spelled amoeba)
whose life cycle involves trophozoites and cysts
E. Histolytica
Life cycle of E. histolytica histolytica trophozoites can kill some human cells using a
protein called an
Amoebapore
is the treatment of choice. For E histolytica
metronidazole and paromomycin
is a tear-shaped
flagellate protozoan with ventral sucking disks
and 4 pairs of flagella.
Giardia intestinales
is a flagellate protozoan like Giardia intestinalis. is found in
the genitourinary tract. only has a trophozoite form which is also the infective
stage.
has an elongated nucleus, five flagella, and an undulating membrane
Trichomonas vaginalis
are intestinal sporozoan protozoa with an asexual phase
that forms sporozoites; the sporozoites then produce oocysts.
Cryptosporidium
is found in most vertebrates but
particularly in cattle and sheep.
C parvum
is primarily a parasite of humans
C hominis
looks very similar to Cryptosporidium spp. but is twice as big. It is
spread by the fecal-oral route (like Cryptosporidium) and is found in contaminated water and
fruit found all over the world.
Cyclospora cayetanesis
bilaterally symmetrical; surrounded by a strong,
flexible non-cellular layer or cuticle; round body
and unsegmented; and with full digestive tract
(mouth to anus)
Nematodes ( Round worm)
often through
contaminated fingers, clothing or bedding.
Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
often through
contaminated fingers, clothing or bedding.
Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
begins when eggs are ingested by the host. These eggs
have a thick brown shell with knobbed ends containing bipolar plugs; they hatch in the small
intestine where the larvae develop into adults.
is the largest of the
roundworms. It can grow up to 35 cm in length as an adult!
Lumbricoides (Ascaris Lumbricoides)
has the most complicated of all
nematode life cycles. One life cycle stage occurs
entirely in the soil (free-living, non-parasitic stage),
which is unique amongst human helminthic
infections.
Threadworm (Strongyloides Stercoralis)
has the most complicated of all
nematode life cycles. One life cycle stage occurs
entirely in the soil (free-living, non-parasitic stage),
which is unique amongst human helminthic
infections.
Threadworm (Strongyloides Stercoralis)
enter human hosts through ingestion of
undercooked pork or game (e.g. bear, wild boar). Larvae exist within cysts in undercooked
meat; once ingested, they migrate from the stomach into the small intestine.
Trichinella species
is a disease caused by the accidental ingestion of larvae of Anisakis
simplex (a.k.a. the ‘cod’ worm) and related worms found in undercooked fish
Anasikiasis
