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Earthquake Engineering > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

produced by sudden movement of rock materials below the earths surface

A

earthquake

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2
Q

2 types of earthquake

A

tectonic earthquake
volcanic earthquake

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3
Q

movement along faults and plate boundaries

A

tectonic earthquake

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4
Q

induced by rising lava/magma beneath active volcanoes

A

volcanic earthquake

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5
Q

theory that explains the formation and deformation of the earths surface

A

Plate Tectonics Theory (1960)

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6
Q

earths outermost layer is divided into ___ major tectonic plates

A

15

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7
Q

Evidence for continental drift

A

matching coastlines
matching mountains
matching rock types and rock ages
matching glacier deposits
matching fossils

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8
Q

symptoms of active tectonic movements and as observed that the intense activity occurs predominantly on plate boundaries (seismic belts)

A

earthquake

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9
Q

large and stable rigid rock slabs with a thickness of about 100 km forming the crust and part of the upper mantle

A

plates

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10
Q

outer rock layer with non-uniform thickness of 25-60 km under the continents and 4-6 km under oceans

A

crust

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11
Q

portions of the earths interior below crust extending from 30 km - 2900 km

A

mantle

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12
Q

____ causes movement in the mantle with 1 to 10 cm/year

A

convection currents

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13
Q

Types of plate boundaries

A

divergent/rift zones
convergent/subduction zones
transform zones/transcurrent horizontal slip

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14
Q

plates separated by effusion of magma occurence; formation of mid-ocean ridge (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

A

divergent/rift zones

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15
Q

adjacent plates collide; plates come together

A

convergent/subduction zones

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16
Q

two plates glide past one another but without subducting old lithosphere; plates slides past each other

A

transform zones/transcurrent horizontal slip

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17
Q

distorted blocks snaps back toward equilibrium and an earthquake ground motion is produced; AKA elastic rebound

A

faulting

18
Q

resulting fracture in the earths crust

A

fault

19
Q

rocks bend under stress while storing elastic energy. when the strain in the rocks exceeds their strength, breaking will occur along the fault.

A

elastic rebound theory

20
Q

parameters used to describe fault motion and its dimension

A

azimuth
dip
slip/rake
relative displacement
area

21
Q

one block moves away vertically with respect to the other; footwall moves up the dip and away from the block overhanghing the fault plane

A

dip-slip faults

22
Q

adjacent blocks move horizontally past one another; can be right-lateral or left-lateral

A

strike-slip faults

23
Q

combination of strike-slip and dip slip movements; can either be normal or reverse and right or lefr lateral movements

A

oblique slip

24
Q

point under the surface where the rupture originates

A

focus/hypocenter

25
Q

projection of the focus on the surface

A

epicenter

26
Q

source parameters

A

epicentral distance
hypocentral/focal distance
focal depth

27
Q

2 types of elastic seismic waves

A

body waves
surface waves

28
Q

aka ‘preliminary tremors’ because they are felt first and travels through the earths interior layers

A

body waves

29
Q

cause alternate push (compression) and pull (tension) in the rock thus the waves propagates, the medium expands while keeping the same form

A

p-waves

30
Q

material movement is the same direction as wave movement

A

p-waves

31
Q

causes vertical and horizontal side-to-side motion and introduces shear stresses in rocks along their paths aka shear waves

A

s-waves

32
Q

motion can be separated into horizontal and vertical components

A

s-waves

33
Q

propagate across the outer layers of the crust generated by constructive interference of body waves travelling parallel to the ground surface and various underlying boundaries

A

surface waves

34
Q

slower than body waves; rolling side to side movements

A

surface movements

35
Q

generated by constructive interference of SH body waves and cannot travel across fluids

A

love waves

36
Q

the motion is horizontally oscillating and perpendicular to the direction of propagation which is parallel to the earths surface

A

love waves

37
Q

caused by constructive interference of body waves such as P and SV

A

rayleigh waves

38
Q

particles of soil move in the form of a retrograde ellipse whose axis is perpendicular/vertically oscillating to the earths surface;

A

rayleigh waves

39
Q

causes back and forth horizontal motion; motion is similar to that of being in a boat in the ocean; arrive last on seismogram

A

rayleigh waves

40
Q

visual record of arrival time and magnitude of shaking associated with seismic wave

A

seismogram

41
Q

adjustments that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquake

A

aftershocks

42
Q

small earthquakes often precede a major earthquake by days or by as much as several years

A

foreshocks

Earthquake Engineering (5 decks)

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