Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PH BIOCHEM > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of vital processes.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All chemical changes within the organism—either the degradation of substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the buildup of complex molecules necessary for life processes.

A

METABOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

These chemical changes depend on the action of organic catalysts known as

A

ENZYMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ultimate goal of biochemistry

A

EXPLAIN ALL LIFE PROCESSES IN MOLECULAR DETAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms; Biological Chemistry; Physiological Chemistry.

A

BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Processes occurring under Normal Conditions

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Those arising under Abnormal Conditions are ____. They fall under CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY.

A

PATHOLOGICAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

employ the techniques and theories of chemistry to probe the molecular basis of life.

they have established, among other things, the principles that underlie energy transfer in cells, the chemical structure of cell membranes, the coding and transmission of hereditary information, muscular and nerve function, and biosynthetic pathways.

A

BIOCHEMISTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the study of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives. Because the cellular apparatus of living organisms is made up of carbon compounds, biomolecules are part of the subject matter of organic chemistry.

A

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

determined by comparisons of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences that it is possible to construct a highly accurate tree of life showing the evolutionary relationship between all life forms.

A

CARL WOESE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

One of the most important enzymes used in modern biochemistry laboratories

A

TAQ POLYMERASE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Taq polymerase enzyme is derived from the Archaean species ___

A

Thermus Aquaticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the lowest level of structure capable of performing ALL the activities of life.

A

CELL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The first cells were observed and named by_____ in _____ from the slice of cork.

A

ROBERT HOOKE ; 1665

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who proposed the cell theory

A

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN and THEODOR SCHWANN in 1839

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Some organisms consist of a single cells = unicellular organisms, called

A

PROKARYOTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

multicellular aggregates of specialized cells

A

EUKARYOTES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of Cell

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

size of cells which can be visualized by a light microscope

A

1 to 100 um in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of Microscopes

A

Light Microscope
Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses

A

Light Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the ratio of an object to its real size

A

Magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Magnification of Light Microscope

A

x1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The measure of image clarity

The minimum distance two points can be separated and still viewed as two separate points

A

Resolving Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Limited by the shortest wavelength of light- one-half of the wavelength used

A

Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The minimum resolution of Light Microscope

A

About 2 microns, the size of a small bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

It focuses a beam of electrons through specimen or onto its surface

A

Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Resolution of modern Electron Microscope

A

0.1 nm but practical limit is about 2 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Study the internal ultrastructure of cells ; 2D

Electron beam was aimed through the thin section of specimen

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Study the surface structure of the cell; 3D

Sample surface is covered with the thin film of gold

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

to separate the cells for functional study

A

Cell Fractionation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The disrupted cells are centrifugated at different speed and duration to fractionate components of different species

A

Cell Fractionation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

It prepares the quantities of specific cell components/organelles for functional analysis, referred to as BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES

A

Cell Fractionation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The major tool in cytology

A

Microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The study of molecules and chemical processes in metabolism, developed Modern Cell Biology

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are bounded by Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane/Plasmalemma

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Semifluid substance within the membrane that contains the organelles

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Responsible for protein synthesis and all cells have this

A

Ribosomes

40
Q

The DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell

A

Prokaryotic Cells

41
Q

Chromosomes are contained in a membrane-bound organelle, the nucleus

A

Eukaryotic Cells

42
Q

The semi permeable membrane that separates the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment

A

Plasma Membrane

43
Q

Functions as a selective barrier that allows the passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole volume of the cell

A

Plasma Membrane

44
Q

Cell contents outside the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

45
Q

The fluid part of the cytoplasm. It is the transparent fluid suspending other structures

A

Cytosol

46
Q

Small structures in the cytoplasm

A

Organelles

47
Q

The control center of the cell, contains the genetic material

A

Nucleus

48
Q

the site of ribosome assembly

A

Nucleoli

49
Q

Part of a nucleus that is made up of dna and protein

A

Chromatin

50
Q

The nucleus averages about how many microns in diameter

A

5

51
Q

A region of densely stained fibers and granules adjoining chromatin

A

Nucleolus

52
Q

The subunits pass from the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where they combine to form __

A

Ribosomes

53
Q

Particles consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

Structurally identical and can alternate between the two roles

A

Bound and Free Ribosomes

55
Q

In cytosol - synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol

A

Free Ribosomes

56
Q

Are attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Nuclear Envelope

A

Bound Ribosomes

57
Q

The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell

A

The Endomembrane System

58
Q

The Golgi Apparatus is AKA:

A

Dictyosomes

59
Q

consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called Cisternae. (a reservoir for a liquid)

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

60
Q

Synthesis of Lipid (oils, phospholipids, and steroids); glycogen metabolism in the liver cells; detoxification of drugs and poisons; store calcium for muscle contraction

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

Ribosomes are attached to the outside -is abundant in cells that secrete protein - synthesis secretory proteins, cell membrane protein and organelle protein; synthesis of phospholipids and ER associated protein

A

Rough ER

62
Q

major sites for carbohydrate synthesis

A

Golgi Apparatus

63
Q

contain hydrolytic enzymes (required acidic pH) to digest proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids (if those hydrolases leak out of the lysosomes, they are not likely to do damage unless the cells become acidic)

A

Lysosomes

64
Q

are made by rough ER and transferred to the Golgi for processing - lysosomal membranes are highly glycosylated to protect them from lysosomal proteases

A

Lysosome enzymes and membranes

65
Q

process in which cells recycle their own organic material -the organelles are fused with a lysosome

A

Autophagy

66
Q

􏰀Food particles engulfed as a food vacuole (Phagocytosis) or an Endosome (product of endocytosis) are fused with the lysosome.

A
67
Q

formed by phagocytosis and digested by lysosomes

A

Food Vacuoles

68
Q

pump excess water out of the cells.

A

Contractile Vacuoles

69
Q

versatile compartment in plants

A

Central Vacuole

70
Q

stores protein and metabolic by-products, a reservoir of inorganic ions, and pigments

A

Vacuoles

71
Q

Both are energy transformers of cells

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

72
Q

Mitochondria =
Chloroplast =

A

Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis

73
Q

Both are not part of the endomembrane system -most of their proteins are synthesized by the free ribosomes in the cytosol -a few of the proteins are synthesized from their own ribosomes

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

74
Q

Both organelles contain small quantity of DNA that direct the synthesis of polypeptides produced by the internal ribosomes

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

75
Q

1-10 μm long; some cells contain a single large____ but most cells contain several of this -enclosed by two membrane: outer and inner membrane with different permeability

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

fold inner membrane to increase the surface area

A

Cristae

77
Q

one of the generalized plant structure called plastids, found in mesophyll cells of the leaves and in algae 2-4 μm wide and 5-10 μm long

A

Chloroplast

78
Q

matrix of mitochondria; *ds circular DNA; *70S ribosomes

􏰀enzyme for carbohydrate biosynthesis

A

Stroma

79
Q

contain photosynthetic machinery of the chloroplast:

A

Thylakoids

80
Q

single membrane -contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrate to oxygen and produce H2O2as intermediate product

A

Peroxisomes

81
Q

Specialized peroxisomes (found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds) convert fatty acid to sugar which can be used as energy for seedling.

A

Glyoxisomes

82
Q

provide mechanical strength to the cell establish cell shape locomotion (several types of cell motility) intracellular transport of organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

83
Q

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

Cytoskeleton

84
Q

Three main types of fiber

A

Microtubules
Microfilament
Intermediate Filament

85
Q

determine the positions of membrane enclosed organelles and intracellular transport

A

Microtubules

86
Q

determine the shape of the cell and necessary for the whole cell locomotion

A

Microfilament

87
Q

provides mechanical strength and resistance to shear stress

A

Intermediate Filament

88
Q

requires interaction of the cytoskeleton with proteins called motor molecules in ATP dependent manner

A

Cell motility

89
Q

Sliding of neighboring microtubules moves

A

Cilia and Flagella

90
Q

In muscle contraction, motor molecules slide

A

Microfilaments

91
Q

(microtubule-organizing center) 􏰀a region near the nucleus from which microtubules sprouts.

A

Centrosomes

92
Q

each centrosome contains a pair of this -found in animal cells

composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

A

Centrioles

93
Q

sweep mucus carrying trapped debris from the lungs

A

Cilia

94
Q

has an undulating motion that generates force in the same direction as the flagellum’s axis.

A

Flagellum

95
Q

works like oars. The alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicu -lar to the cilium’s axis.

A

Cilia

PH BIOCHEM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions