Lesson 1 Flashcards
Scientific study of behavior and mental process
Psychology
Set of hypothesised statements about the relationship among events
Theory
Propose reasons for relationships
Theory
Derive explanation and prediction
Theory
What do Psychologists do?
Research, Practice, Teaching
Conducted without conconcern for immediate application
Pure Research
Conducted to find solutions to particular problems
Applied Research
Applying psychological knowledge to help individuals
Practice
Sharing psychological knowledge in classroom, seminars, and workshops
Teaching
FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY (16)
Clinical Psychologist
Counselling Psychologist
School Psychologist
Educational Psychologist
Developmental Psychologist
Social Psychologist
Environmental Psychologist
Experimental Psychologist
Forensic Psychologist
Health Psychologist
Sports Psychologist
Industrial Psychologist
Human Factor Psychologist
Organizational Psychologist
Consumer Psychologist
Help people with psychologoical disorders adjust to the demands of life
Evaluate and resolve problems and change self defeating behaviors
Clinical Psychologist
Use interviews and test to define client’s problems
Typically handles adjustment problens but not psychological disorders
Counselling Psychologist
identify and assist students who have problems thag interfere with learning
help in decision making in student placement
School Psychologist
Facilitate learning by focusing on course planning and institutional methods for a school system
Educational Psychologist
Study the changes in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional occurence throughout lifespan
may focu on influences of heredity and environment on development
Developmental Psychologist
Identify and measure humab traits and determine influences on human thought, processes, feelings, and behavior
Personality Psychologist
Study the ways that people and the enviroment, natural environment, and human made environment, influence one another
Environmental Psychologist
Specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation and emotion
Experimental Psychologist
Apply Psychology to the crimical justice system
Deal with legal matters such as defendant’s sanity during the commitment of crime
May also treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys, and analyze offender’s behaviors and mental processes
Forensic Psychologist
Studied the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
Guide clients towrds healthier behavior patterns
Health Psychologist
Help athletes concentrate on their performance and not on the crowd, they use cognitive strategies such as positive visualization to enhance performance and avoid choking under pressure
Sports Psychologist
focus on relationship between people and work
Industrial Psychologist
Make technical systems such as automobile dashboard and computer keyboards more user friendly
Human Factor Psychologist
Study the behavior of people in organizations such as business
Organizational Psychologist
Study the behavior of shoppers in an effort tonpredict and influence their behavior
Consumer Psychologist
Who said that science could rationally treat only info gathered by senses
Aristotle
Declared that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Aristotle
What did aristotle say about the human behavior
“human behaviour, like movements of the stars and the seas, is subject to rules and law”
Who said that we could think of behavior in terms of body and a momind and that behavior is influenced by external simulation
Democritus
First to raise question whether there is free will or choice
Democritus
Who said that people should rely on rational thought and introspection
Socrates
careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions
Introspection
Who showed how physical events stimulate psychological sensations and perceptions
Gustav Fechner
What book did Gustav Fechner published?
Elements of Psychophysics
What’s the theory of Charles Darwin
Theory of Natural Selection
Who opened the first psychology laboratory and helped develop the field of structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings
Structuralism
This shows how our experiences help us function more adaptively in our environment (adapted Darwin’s theory)
Functionalism
Adaptive Behavior : ??
Maladaptive Behavior : ??
learned and maintained
drop out
learning observable (by means of special instruments) behavior
Behaviorism
Founder of American Behaviorism
John Watson
they said that organisms learn to behave in certain ways bcs of reinforcements
B.F Skinner
stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response
Reinforcement
much of our lives us governed vy unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts
Psychoanalysis
relationship between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution
Biological Perspective/Evolutionary (?)
understanding the mental process to understand human nature
investigate ways we perceive andmentally represent the world
Cognitive Perspective
emphasizes the role of subjective experience
people have free will
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
Who sa Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Need from baba to taas
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Love and Belonging
Self Esteem
Self-actualization
focuses less on unconscious process and more in conscious choice and self direction
influenced by Freud’s theory
Psychodynamic Perspective
environmental influences and learning habits thru repetition and reinforcement
Contemporary Cognitivists
people’s capacity to modify and create their environment
Social Cognitivists
studies influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes
Social Perspective
an organized way of using experience and testing ideas to expand and refine knowledge
Scientific Method
a specific statement about behavior/mental processes that is tested thru research
hypothesis
complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn
population
part of population
sample
each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate
Random Sample
identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample
stratified sample
people who offer to participate in research
voluntary bias
[method in research]
biography thru interviews, questionnaires, and psychological test
Case Study
scientific investigation where large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes/behavior
Survey
observe behavior where it happens ir “in the field’
Naturalistic Observation
investigating relationship between observed behavior or a measured trait
Correlation
expresses the strength and direction of the relationship between the variable
Correlation Coefficient
seeks to confirm cause and effect
introducing independent variables and observing their effects kn dependent variables
Experiment
variable that can be manipulated
Independent Variable
assumed effect of Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
groups whose members obtain the treatment
experimental group
do not obtain treatment, while other conditions are held constant
Control Groups
bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine
placebo
unaware whether or not one has received a treatment
blind
neither the subjects nor the observer know who has received the treatment
double-blind study
participant’s agreement ti participate in the research
Informed Consent
