Lesson 1 Flashcards by LUIMER RAMOS

Foreign substances

Antigens

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Mechanism that fights the foreign substances

Immune system

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Diagnostic examination of blood serum and other body fluids with regards to the response of the immune system to pathogen

Serology

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Condition of being resistant to infection

Immunity

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the phenomenon in which exposure to one infectious agent produces protection against another agent

Cross immunity

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Infection with an influenza subtype A strain may provide cross protection against other antigenically similar circulating strains

Cross immunity

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Substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody
• Does not have the ability to induce immune response

Antigens

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Any substance capable of inducing an immune response

Immunogen

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way of the body to defend itself from substances that are harmful or foreign

Immune response

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Can bind to antibodies

Immunogen

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does not have the capability of inducing an immune response

Antigen

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A substance specifically binds to antibodies or a cell surface receptors of B cells and T cells

Antigen

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Can be either immunogenic or
non immunogenic

Antigen

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Can be either protein, polysaccharides, lipids
or nucleic acids

Antigen

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An antigen
capable of inducing an immune response

Immunogen

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Normally proteins and large polysaccharides

Immunojgen

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are large polysaccharides are considered the most powerful immunogens

Protein

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are considered weak immunogens

Lipids and nucleic acids

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is the term used in demonstrating reaction (serology

Serology

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A low molecular weight, nonantigenic substance that, when combined with an antigen, changes the antigenic specificity of that antigen

Hapten

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An incomplete antigen; Needs a carrier molecule
o When exposed to a carrier molecule, it becomes a complete antigen

Hapten

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An incomplete antigen; Needs a carrier molecule
o When exposed to a carrier molecule, it becomes a complete antigen

Hapten

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A glycoprotein substance (immunoglobin) that is produced by B lymphocytes in response to an antigen

Antibody

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fragment constant; fragment crystallizable
• Similar with all types of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD)

Fragment constant; FC portion

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where types of immunoglobulins differ from one another

Variable region

Alpha

IgA

Gamma

IgG

IgM

Epsilon

IgE

IgD

Delta

Derived from a single B-cell clone and are produced as a single class of immunoglobulin with specificity unique to the antigenic stimulus

Monoclonal antibodies (reagent antibodies)

the most common Ig used for creating reagent antibody.

IgG

is a small molecule unlike IgM that does not need a supplement reagent antibody for demonstration

IgG

is a big Ig with 10 binding sites

IgM

Produced as different classes of immunoglobulins by many B-cell clones in response to an antigen

Polyclonal Antibodies

In producing monoclonal antibodies, a ___ is used.

Mice

In producing polyclonal antibodies, _____ are used.

Rabbits

Antibodies produced in response to antigens from another species

HETEROANTIBODIES OR XENOANTIBODIES

formed in response to antigens from individuals of the same species • Human to human

ALLOANTIBODIES

produced by the body’s immune system against “self” antigens • Concept of autoimmune diseases

Autoantibodies

part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody or T-cell receptor

Epitope

Antigen and antibody reaction will not bind/react if they are not specific with one another

Epitope

the clumping of particulate antigens by antibodies specific for the antigens.

Agglutination

is the tendency that an epitope has for combining with the antigen-binding site on an antibody molecule.

Affinity

Strength of a single antibody-antigen interaction

Affinity

strength of the bond between the antigen and the antibody.

Avidity

Strength of all interactions combined

Avidity

smallest amount of antigen or antibody that can be detected.

Sensitivity

is a highly sensitive and specific test used in laboratories

Radioimmunoassay

ability of an antibody to bind to an antigen with complementary determinants and not to a antigen with dissimilar determinants.

Specificity

glycoprotein substances secreted by antigen-stimulated B cells

Immunoglobulins

It is the predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears, saliva, sweat, breast milk, and respiratory tract, genital, and intestinal secretions

IgA

exists as a monomer, and its function is unknown.

IgD

binds to crystallizable fragment (Fc) receptors on mast cells and basophils and is elevated during parasitic infections and Type I allergic reactions

IgE

is the predominant immunoglobulin in the adult. s. It is also the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier, thus transferring immunity from mother to infant.

IgG

is the largest of the immunoglobulins, existing as a pentamer.

IgM

It is the first immunoglobulin to be produced after exposure to an antigen

IgM

group of proteins synthesized in mononuclear phagocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and some endothelial cells.

Complement

a small peptide formed during complement activation that causes increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, and release of histamine from basophils and mast cells.

Anaphylatoxins

a life-threatening response to an allergen characterized by the systematic release of histamine

Anaphylaxis

The Latin term _____, meaning “exempt,” is the source of the English word immunity, meaning the state of protection from infectious disease.

Immunis

He recorded that individual who had previously contracted the disease recovered and he recognized their “immune” status.

Thucydides

He mentioned that the great plaque that swept through Athens and how those who survived it, including himself, could tend to the sick without worrying about catching it again.

Thucydides

First writings of immune status

430 BC; thucydides

Date where Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powder made from smallpox scabs in order to produce protection against this dreaded disease.

1500s

a practice of inhaling powder made from smallpox scabs in order to produce protection against this dreaded disease.

Variolation

What country does have a pure culture of smallpox

Russia

practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions.

Variolation

He is generally considered to be the Father of Immunology

Louis Pasteur

He discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.

Edward Jenner

phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent.

Cross immunity

procedure of injecting cellular material.

Vaccination

She is a milk maid infected with cowpox

Sarah Nelmes

He is inoculated with cowpox pus from Nelmes

James Phipps

a key figure in the development of both microbiology and immunology, accidentally found that old cultures would not cause disease (cholera) in chickens. Subsequent injections of more virulent organisms had no effect on the birds that had been previously exposed to the older cultures.

Louis Pasteur

He made an experiment, wherein he collected the spinal cords of the patients that died because of rabies. He dried the spinal cords and injected it to his patients. After 12 injections, the patients were protected against rabies.

Louis pasteur

In this manner, the first attenuated vaccine was discovered. Used for rabies vaccine

Louis Pasteur;1885

to make a pathogen less virulent through heat, aging or chemical means.

Attenuation

Concepts of some pathogens; enough to cause an immune response but not enough to cause an infection

Attenuation

Made the anthrax vaccine

Louis pasteur

Identified anthrax

Robert koch

are conditions that must be satisfied before accepting that a particular bacteria can cause a particular disease

Koch’s Postulate

proposed the antibody formation theory and developed a series of tissue staining dyes including ...purple bacillus

Paul Erlich

He used a demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria toxin

Emil Von Behring

He proposed the cellular theory of immunity, cell-eating and phagocytosis

Ellie metchnikoff

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (Intramascular)

Jonas Salk

Oral Polio Vaccine

Albert Sabin

He made the vaccine against yellow fever

Reed; Max theiler

He made antihistamines

Daniel Bovet

Gene rearrangement in antibody procution

Susumu tonegawa

Development of human papillomavirus

Ian Frazer

Demonstration of cutaneous hypersensitivity

Robert koch

He discovered phagocytosis

Ernst Haeckel

Human theory of immunity proposed

Von behring, Kitasata

Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity

Arthus

They discovered the chemical structure of antibodies

Rodney R. Porter and Gerald M Edelman