Lesson 1 Flashcards
Urinary system organs include the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
________________ is formed in the kidneys and flows through the _________ to the ______________, which stores urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra
urine, ureters, urinary bladder
are bean-shaped structures that are retroperitoneal (retro _behind), located between the abdominal wall and the peritoneum.
kidneys
where could you found the kidney?
found at waist level between the 12th thoracic vertebra and the 3rd lumbar vertebra.
The ____________________ of each kidney faces the vertebral column and contains a vertical fissure, the renal hilus.
concave surface
The ureter, renal arteries and veins, nerves, and lymphatics pass through the _______________.
Renal hilus
The kidney is attached to the ______________________ by the renal fascia, an outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Abdominal wall
The ____________, a thin fibrous membrane, covers the outer surface of the kidney
Renal capsule
Between the __________________________ and the ____________________ is adipose tissue which forms the adipose capsule for protection and padding
Renal fascia and renal capsule
Within the kidney are three main regions: the ________, ___________, and _________.
Cortex, medulla, sinus
The renal cortex, a smooth area, is the most superficial region, whereas the renal medulla is deeper
Renal capsule
is a space or cavity that is adjacent to the medulla and extends to the renal hilus
Renal sinus
contains cone-shaped renal pyramids that have extensions of the cortex, renal columns that are between each pyramid
Medulla
The ____________ of each pyramid faces the cortex, and the renal papilla is the __________ that is pointed toward the renal sinus.
Base, Apex
The __________ and __________ contain nephrons, the structural and functional units of the kidney that form urine
cortex, medulla
Urine drains into ____________________ that exit through the openings in the renal papilla.
Papillary ducts
Within the renal sinus are _____________ and ________________ and the _____________________ which collect urine from the papillary ducts and deliver it to the ureters
minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis
are cup-like structures adjacent to the renal papillae which receive urine from the papillary ducts.
Minor calyces
Several minor calyces drain into a __________.
Major calyx
t/f Each kidney has 8 to 18 minor calyces and 2 to 3 major calyces
True
The major calyces drain into the ________, which is continuous with the ureter.
Renal pelvis
Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves also travel through the ________
Renal sinus
t/f Adipose tissue fills the remaining space within the renal sinus
True
are narrow, 25- to 30-cm long muscular tubes located behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal).
Ureters
t/f The diameter of the ureters varies from 1 to 10 mm.
True
t/f The ureters descend toward the urinary bladder, curving medially as they approach the inferior portion of the bladder and enter the posterior wall of the bladder at an oblique angle.
True
t/f Urine is propelled through the ureters by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity.
True
is a hollow, muscular organ that distends to store urine
Urinary bladder
urinary bladder covered by _______ and is secured to the pelvic wall by ____________
visceral peritoneum , parietal peritoneal folds
The smooth muscle within the wall of the urinary bladder is called the ____________, and the epithelial lining of the bladder forms folds or _______.
detrusor muscle, rugae
The inferior surface of the urinary bladder contains three openings that form a triangle called the _____
Trigone
The two posterior openings are the ____________, whereas the anterior opening is the opening into the urethra, the ____________
ureteral openings, internal urethral orifice.
t/f In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the rectum and posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Male true
f In females, the urinary bladder is anterior to the vagina, inferior to the uterus, and posterior to the pubic symphysis.
Truw
The tube-like ________ carries urine from the internal urethral orifice to the ________________, the opening through which urine exits the body
urethra, external urethral orifice
is a layer of circular, involuntary smooth muscle that controls passage of urine into the urethra from the urinary bladder.
internal urethral sphincter
Voluntary skeletal muscle within the urogenital diaphragm (deep muscles of perineum) forms the _____________________ that permits the passage of urine to the external urethral orifice.
external urethral sphincter
During _____________, the detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of the urinary bladder and the internal and external urethral sphincters relax to allow the passage of urine
micturition
t/f In females, the urethra is short (4 cm), whereas the urethra in males is longer (15-20 cm).
True
The male urethra has three regions: the ________ that passes through the prostate gland, the ____________ that passes through the urogenital diaphragm, and the spongy (penile) urethra that passes through the penis.
prostatic urethra, membranous urethra
t/f The 1 million nephrons in each kidney filter the blood and form urine.
True
t/f Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle that filters blood, and a renal tubule that modifies the filtrate to form urine.
True
which is located in the renal cortex, consists of a glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, a cup-shaped epithelial membrane surrounding the glomerulus.
Renal corpuscle
__________ is filtered across a filtration membrane formed by the walls of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule into the capsular space (glomerular cavity).
Blood
t/f The liquid filtered, now called filtrate, drains into the renal tubule.
True
t/f Each renal tubule is subdivided into three structural and functional sections.
True
t/f Starting at the glomerular capsule, these sections are: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
True
is located in the renal cortex and connects to the loop of Henle (nephron loop), which dips down into the renal medulla.
Proximal convoluted tubule
The third portion is the ___________________, which is located in the cortex
Distal convoluted tubule
t/f Distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons drain the liquid (now called urine) into collecting ducts that descend through the renal pyramids and merge to form larger papillary ducts.
True
may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs, irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system
Hematuria (Erythrocytes in urine)
is caused by an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra.
Pyuria(white blood in urine)
is from an increase in filtration membrane permeability caused by high blood pressure, kidney trauma, disease, or inflammation; trace amounts of albumin in urine is normal.
Albuminuria (excess albumin in urine)
is caused by a metabolic condition called ketosis; ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids; ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrate diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus.
Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine)
are hardened clumps of material formed by protein precipitation and/or cell agglutination within renal tubules; the following conditions may result in cast formation: albuminuria, abnormally acidic urine, and highly concentrated urine.
Casts
are insoluble salt crystals that can form anywhere within the kidney tubules, ureters, urinary bladder, or urethra; commonly called kidney stones, calculi can cause considerable pain as they pass through the lumens of urinary system organs.
Calculi
Presence of bacteria or other microorganisms indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); normal urine is sterile (no microorganisms present), however microbes present on the skin surrounding the external urethral orifice may contaminate the urine sample if the urine sample is not carefully obtained
Microbes
These ducts connect to renal papillae, which immediately drain urine into minor calyces, and then into major calyces, the renal pelvis, ureters, and finally into the urinary bladder for storage.
larger papillary ducts
t/f The vasculature of the nephron is important to the formation of urine.
True
is located between two arterioles—a larger diameter afferent arteriole that delivers systemic blood to the glomerulus, and a smaller diameter efferent arteriole that receives blood from the glomerulus.
Glomerulus
t/f The efferent arteriole then delivers blood to a second capillary bed, the peritubular capillary network that entwines the renal tubule.
True
There are two types of nephrons
Cortical nephron and Juxtamedullary nephron
________ nephrons have short loops of Henle that descend slightly into the medulla, whereas ____________ nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.
Cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary
t/f In addition to peritubular capillaries, the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are supplied by vasa recta, long capillary loops that extend from the efferent arteriole.
True
t/f Urine is produced by the nephron and collecting ducts through three different processes—glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
True
the first step in urine production
Filtration
Water and most solutes in blood pass through the _______________ (glomerular capillary walls and visceral wall of glomerular capsule) into the glomerular cavity
Filtration membrane
Water and solutes cross the wall of the renal tubule, diffuse through the interstitial fluid, and return to blood by entering the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
Tubular reabsorption
Solutes leave the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, diffuse through the interstitial fluid, cross the wall of the renal tubule, and are eliminated in urine
Tubular secretion
In the kidneys, blood is filtered across the filtration membrane (capillary walls and the visceral wall of the glomerular capsule) into the capsular space (glomerular cavity).
Filtrate, the liquid and solutes filtered into the capsular space, contains all the components of plasma except those that are too large to pass through the pores in the filtration membrane—
the blood cells, platelets, and most plasma proteins.
The rate of filtration across the glomerulus is determined by?? (…). The greater the blood pressure, the greater the filtration rate.
Blood pressure or hydrostatic pressure
is the major site of tubular reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate.
Proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorb 100% of most organic solutes and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, water soluble vitamins); 65% of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions; 50% of chloride ions; and 80 to 90% of the bicarbonate ions.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Water follows the solutes via??
Osmosis
also secretes hydrogen ions and urea (nitrogenous waste) into the tubular fluid.
The proximal convoluted tubule
secreted into the tubular fluid assist in the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.
Hydrogen ions
travels on through the renal tubule to the descending limb of the loop of Henle (nephron loop) which is permeable to water, but not to solutes.
Remaining filtrate
The filtrate in the ________ is more dilute than in the PCT.
DCT
t/f When the filtrate reaches the collecting ducts, 90 to 95% of the water and solutes present in the original filtrate have been removed.
True
t/f The filtrate is now more dilute than in the proximal convoluted tubule
True
in __________ there is additional reabsorption of Na_ and Cl_ and the secretion of K_
late distal tubules and collecting ducts
True
affect reabsorption and secretion in the late distal tubules and collecting ducts
Hormones
t/f ADH determines whether a concentrated (high osmolarity) or dilute (low osmolarity) urine is produced.
True
t/f High levels of ADH increase water reabsorption, producing concentrated urine
True
t/f When ADH levels are low, dilute urine is produced.
True
is an analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine and a measure of urine volume.
Urinalysis
t/f Urine volume varies depending on the water content of the body, and decreases when body fluid volume is low.
True
secreted by the posterior pituitary gland acts on the collecting ducts to stimulate reabsorption of water from the filtrate.
ADH
t/f If body fluid volume is high, ADH secretion is inhibited, the collecting ducts do not reabsorb water from the filtrate, and dilute urine is excreted.
True
t/f specific gravity of urine is the weight of a volume of urine divided by the weight of the same volume of distilled water.
True
is higher than distilled water because of the presence of solutes in urine.
Urine weight per volume
t/f The more solutes present in urine, the higher the specific gravity.
True
t/f Normal urine contains 95% water and 5% solutes.
True
t/f The solutes found in normal urine include electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions), urea (formed from breakdown of amino acids), creatinine (formed from breakdown of creatine phosphate), uric acid (formed from breakdown of nucleic acids), and metabolic end products of hormones and other substances.
True
t/f Although drugs are not a normal solute in urine, they will be excreted in urine if present in the bloodstream.
True
t/f There are some abnormal components of urine, so presence of these substances in urine indicates an abnormality in metabolism or kidney function.
True
is usually caused by diabetes mellitus, but sometimes may be caused by stress (epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown); diabetes mellitus and stress result in high blood glucose levels and therefore high levels of glucose in the filtrate; glucose transporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all glucose from filtrate.
Glucosuria
