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Urinary System > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system organs include the

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

________________ is formed in the kidneys and flows through the _________ to the ______________, which stores urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra

A

urine, ureters, urinary bladder

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3
Q

are bean-shaped structures that are retroperitoneal (retro _behind), located between the abdominal wall and the peritoneum.

A

kidneys

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4
Q

where could you found the kidney?

A

found at waist level between the 12th thoracic vertebra and the 3rd lumbar vertebra.

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5
Q

The ____________________ of each kidney faces the vertebral column and contains a vertical fissure, the renal hilus.

A

concave surface

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6
Q

The ureter, renal arteries and veins, nerves, and lymphatics pass through the _______________.

A

Renal hilus

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7
Q

The kidney is attached to the ______________________ by the renal fascia, an outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Abdominal wall

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8
Q

The ____________, a thin fibrous membrane, covers the outer surface of the kidney

A

Renal capsule

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9
Q

Between the __________________________ and the ____________________ is adipose tissue which forms the adipose capsule for protection and padding

A

Renal fascia and renal capsule

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10
Q

Within the kidney are three main regions: the ________, ___________, and _________.

A

Cortex, medulla, sinus

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11
Q

The renal cortex, a smooth area, is the most superficial region, whereas the renal medulla is deeper

A

Renal capsule

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12
Q

is a space or cavity that is adjacent to the medulla and extends to the renal hilus

A

Renal sinus

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13
Q

contains cone-shaped renal pyramids that have extensions of the cortex, renal columns that are between each pyramid

A

Medulla

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14
Q

The ____________ of each pyramid faces the cortex, and the renal papilla is the __________ that is pointed toward the renal sinus.

A

Base, Apex

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15
Q

The __________ and __________ contain nephrons, the structural and functional units of the kidney that form urine

A

cortex, medulla

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16
Q

Urine drains into ____________________ that exit through the openings in the renal papilla.

A

Papillary ducts

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17
Q

Within the renal sinus are _____________ and ________________ and the _____________________ which collect urine from the papillary ducts and deliver it to the ureters

A

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis

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18
Q

are cup-like structures adjacent to the renal papillae which receive urine from the papillary ducts.

A

Minor calyces

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19
Q

Several minor calyces drain into a __________.

A

Major calyx

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20
Q

t/f Each kidney has 8 to 18 minor calyces and 2 to 3 major calyces

A

True

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21
Q

The major calyces drain into the ________, which is continuous with the ureter.

A

Renal pelvis

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22
Q

Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves also travel through the ________

A

Renal sinus

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23
Q

t/f Adipose tissue fills the remaining space within the renal sinus

A

True

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24
Q

are narrow, 25- to 30-cm long muscular tubes located behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal).

A

Ureters

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25
Q

t/f The diameter of the ureters varies from 1 to 10 mm.

A

True

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26
Q

t/f The ureters descend toward the urinary bladder, curving medially as they approach the inferior portion of the bladder and enter the posterior wall of the bladder at an oblique angle.

A

True

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27
Q

t/f Urine is propelled through the ureters by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity.

A

True

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28
Q

is a hollow, muscular organ that distends to store urine

A

Urinary bladder

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29
Q

urinary bladder covered by _______ and is secured to the pelvic wall by ____________

A

visceral peritoneum , parietal peritoneal folds

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30
Q

The smooth muscle within the wall of the urinary bladder is called the ____________, and the epithelial lining of the bladder forms folds or _______.

A

detrusor muscle, rugae

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31
Q

The inferior surface of the urinary bladder contains three openings that form a triangle called the _____

A

Trigone

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32
Q

The two posterior openings are the ____________, whereas the anterior opening is the opening into the urethra, the ____________

A

ureteral openings, internal urethral orifice.

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33
Q

t/f In males, the urinary bladder is anterior to the rectum and posterior to the pubic symphysis.

A

Male true

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34
Q

f In females, the urinary bladder is anterior to the vagina, inferior to the uterus, and posterior to the pubic symphysis.

A

Truw

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35
Q

The tube-like ________ carries urine from the internal urethral orifice to the ________________, the opening through which urine exits the body

A

urethra, external urethral orifice

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36
Q

is a layer of circular, involuntary smooth muscle that controls passage of urine into the urethra from the urinary bladder.

A

internal urethral sphincter

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37
Q

Voluntary skeletal muscle within the urogenital diaphragm (deep muscles of perineum) forms the _____________________ that permits the passage of urine to the external urethral orifice.

A

external urethral sphincter

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38
Q

During _____________, the detrusor muscle contracts and forces urine out of the urinary bladder and the internal and external urethral sphincters relax to allow the passage of urine

A

micturition

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39
Q

t/f In females, the urethra is short (4 cm), whereas the urethra in males is longer (15-20 cm).

A

True

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40
Q

The male urethra has three regions: the ________ that passes through the prostate gland, the ____________ that passes through the urogenital diaphragm, and the spongy (penile) urethra that passes through the penis.

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra

41
Q

t/f The 1 million nephrons in each kidney filter the blood and form urine.

A

True

42
Q

t/f Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle that filters blood, and a renal tubule that modifies the filtrate to form urine.

A

True

43
Q

which is located in the renal cortex, consists of a glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, a cup-shaped epithelial membrane surrounding the glomerulus.

A

Renal corpuscle

44
Q

__________ is filtered across a filtration membrane formed by the walls of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule into the capsular space (glomerular cavity).

A

Blood

45
Q

t/f The liquid filtered, now called filtrate, drains into the renal tubule.

A

True

46
Q

t/f Each renal tubule is subdivided into three structural and functional sections.

A

True

47
Q

t/f Starting at the glomerular capsule, these sections are: proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

A

True

48
Q

is located in the renal cortex and connects to the loop of Henle (nephron loop), which dips down into the renal medulla.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

49
Q

The third portion is the ___________________, which is located in the cortex

A

Distal convoluted tubule

50
Q

t/f Distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons drain the liquid (now called urine) into collecting ducts that descend through the renal pyramids and merge to form larger papillary ducts.

A

True

51
Q

may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs, irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system

A

Hematuria (Erythrocytes in urine)

52
Q

is caused by an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra.

A

Pyuria(white blood in urine)

53
Q

is from an increase in filtration membrane permeability caused by high blood pressure, kidney trauma, disease, or inflammation; trace amounts of albumin in urine is normal.

A

Albuminuria (excess albumin in urine)

54
Q

is caused by a metabolic condition called ketosis; ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids; ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrate diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus.

A

Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine)

55
Q

are hardened clumps of material formed by protein precipitation and/or cell agglutination within renal tubules; the following conditions may result in cast formation: albuminuria, abnormally acidic urine, and highly concentrated urine.

A

Casts

56
Q

are insoluble salt crystals that can form anywhere within the kidney tubules, ureters, urinary bladder, or urethra; commonly called kidney stones, calculi can cause considerable pain as they pass through the lumens of urinary system organs.

A

Calculi

57
Q

Presence of bacteria or other microorganisms indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); normal urine is sterile (no microorganisms present), however microbes present on the skin surrounding the external urethral orifice may contaminate the urine sample if the urine sample is not carefully obtained

A

Microbes

58
Q

These ducts connect to renal papillae, which immediately drain urine into minor calyces, and then into major calyces, the renal pelvis, ureters, and finally into the urinary bladder for storage.

A

larger papillary ducts

59
Q

t/f The vasculature of the nephron is important to the formation of urine.

A

True

60
Q

is located between two arterioles—a larger diameter afferent arteriole that delivers systemic blood to the glomerulus, and a smaller diameter efferent arteriole that receives blood from the glomerulus.

A

Glomerulus

61
Q

t/f The efferent arteriole then delivers blood to a second capillary bed, the peritubular capillary network that entwines the renal tubule.

A

True

62
Q

There are two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephron and Juxtamedullary nephron

63
Q

________ nephrons have short loops of Henle that descend slightly into the medulla, whereas ____________ nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla.

A

Cortical nephrons, juxtamedullary

64
Q

t/f In addition to peritubular capillaries, the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are supplied by vasa recta, long capillary loops that extend from the efferent arteriole.

A

True

65
Q

t/f Urine is produced by the nephron and collecting ducts through three different processes—glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

A

True

66
Q

the first step in urine production

A

Filtration

67
Q

Water and most solutes in blood pass through the _______________ (glomerular capillary walls and visceral wall of glomerular capsule) into the glomerular cavity

A

Filtration membrane

68
Q

Water and solutes cross the wall of the renal tubule, diffuse through the interstitial fluid, and return to blood by entering the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

A

Tubular reabsorption

69
Q

Solutes leave the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta, diffuse through the interstitial fluid, cross the wall of the renal tubule, and are eliminated in urine

A

Tubular secretion

70
Q

In the kidneys, blood is filtered across the filtration membrane (capillary walls and the visceral wall of the glomerular capsule) into the capsular space (glomerular cavity).

A
71
Q

Filtrate, the liquid and solutes filtered into the capsular space, contains all the components of plasma except those that are too large to pass through the pores in the filtration membrane—

A

the blood cells, platelets, and most plasma proteins.

72
Q

The rate of filtration across the glomerulus is determined by?? (…). The greater the blood pressure, the greater the filtration rate.

A

Blood pressure or hydrostatic pressure

73
Q

is the major site of tubular reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

74
Q

reabsorb 100% of most organic solutes and nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, water soluble vitamins); 65% of water, sodium ions, and potassium ions; 50% of chloride ions; and 80 to 90% of the bicarbonate ions.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

Water follows the solutes via??

A

Osmosis

76
Q

also secretes hydrogen ions and urea (nitrogenous waste) into the tubular fluid.

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

77
Q

secreted into the tubular fluid assist in the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.

A

Hydrogen ions

78
Q

travels on through the renal tubule to the descending limb of the loop of Henle (nephron loop) which is permeable to water, but not to solutes.

A

Remaining filtrate

79
Q

The filtrate in the ________ is more dilute than in the PCT.

A

DCT

80
Q

t/f When the filtrate reaches the collecting ducts, 90 to 95% of the water and solutes present in the original filtrate have been removed.

A

True

81
Q

t/f The filtrate is now more dilute than in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

True

82
Q

in __________ there is additional reabsorption of Na_ and Cl_ and the secretion of K_
late distal tubules and collecting ducts

A

True

83
Q

affect reabsorption and secretion in the late distal tubules and collecting ducts

A

Hormones

84
Q

t/f ADH determines whether a concentrated (high osmolarity) or dilute (low osmolarity) urine is produced.

A

True

85
Q

t/f High levels of ADH increase water reabsorption, producing concentrated urine

A

True

86
Q

t/f When ADH levels are low, dilute urine is produced.

A

True

87
Q

is an analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine and a measure of urine volume.

A

Urinalysis

88
Q

t/f Urine volume varies depending on the water content of the body, and decreases when body fluid volume is low.

A

True

89
Q

secreted by the posterior pituitary gland acts on the collecting ducts to stimulate reabsorption of water from the filtrate.

A

ADH

90
Q

t/f If body fluid volume is high, ADH secretion is inhibited, the collecting ducts do not reabsorb water from the filtrate, and dilute urine is excreted.

A

True

91
Q

t/f specific gravity of urine is the weight of a volume of urine divided by the weight of the same volume of distilled water.

A

True

92
Q

is higher than distilled water because of the presence of solutes in urine.

A

Urine weight per volume

93
Q

t/f The more solutes present in urine, the higher the specific gravity.

A

True

94
Q

t/f Normal urine contains 95% water and 5% solutes.

A

True

95
Q

t/f The solutes found in normal urine include electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions), urea (formed from breakdown of amino acids), creatinine (formed from breakdown of creatine phosphate), uric acid (formed from breakdown of nucleic acids), and metabolic end products of hormones and other substances.

A

True

96
Q

t/f Although drugs are not a normal solute in urine, they will be excreted in urine if present in the bloodstream.

A

True

97
Q

t/f There are some abnormal components of urine, so presence of these substances in urine indicates an abnormality in metabolism or kidney function.

A

True

98
Q

is usually caused by diabetes mellitus, but sometimes may be caused by stress (epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown); diabetes mellitus and stress result in high blood glucose levels and therefore high levels of glucose in the filtrate; glucose transporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all glucose from filtrate.

A

Glucosuria

Urinary System (1 decks)

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