Lesson 1

Question 1

Vasovagal syncope

Answer 1

Brief LOC due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate.

Question 2

CKD

Answer 2

Chronic kidney disease.

kidneys are damaged —>
cannot filter blood →
excess fluid remain in body (fluid overflow) → may cause heart disease/ stroke

Question 3

Organic brain syndrome

Answer 3

Cause:
injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities. Concussions, blood clots, or bleeding in or around the brain from trauma
Consequences:
disturbances in cognitive functions (memory, thinking, perception, and attention), The expression of emotions is altered, and alertness and vigilance are disturbed. Confusion, Agitation, Irritability
A change in behavior, impaired brain function, cognitive ability, or memory

Question 4

OGD

Answer 4

Oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD)

• examination of the inside of the upper digestive tract by using a flexible video-endoscope which is passed through the mouth into the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.

Caution:
Before 6 hours —> no food/drink
After 1 hour —> can oral intake

Question 5

PEARL

Answer 5

Pupils are equal, round, reactive to light

Question 6

LLQ

Answer 6

Left lower quadrant (abdomen)

Question 7

ITP

Answer 7

Immune thrombocytopenia:

• your blood does not clot as it should, because you have a low platelet count
• When you have a low platelet count, you may have trouble stopping bleeding.

Question 8

TD

Answer 8

Tardive Dyskinesia

• long-term use of neuroleptic drugs as well as other drugs that increase the brain’s sensitivity to the neurotransmitter dopamine

Manifestation:
Tongue pursing
Chewing or sucking movements
Grimacing (making faces)
Lip-smacking
Puckering or pursing the lips
Rapid eye blinking
Tongue protrusion
Worm-like tongue movements

Question 9

CSVD

Answer 9

Cerebral small vessel disease:
Cause:
small vessels (under large vessels) obstructed
Short term: won’t have much manifestation
Long term: executive function deteriorates, memory problem, apathy

Question 10

Palliative care

Answer 10

Opposite to curative care
For:
People with serious illnesses
Provide relief from the symptoms
Compensation strategies

Question 11

Orthopnea

Answer 11

SOB when lying flat
Cause: increase fluid/pressure in blood vessels in lung

Indication of HF

VS dyspnea
difficulty breathing during non-strenuous activities

Question 12

Postural hypotension

Answer 12

when your blood pressure drops when you go from lying down to sitting up, or from sitting to standing

Question 13

TOF

Answer 13

Trochanteric of femur:
congenital heart defect
pulmonary stenosis, which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole allowing blood to flow between the two ventricles;
right ventricular hypertrophy, which is thickening of the right ventricular muscle; and
an overriding aorta, which is where the aorta expands to allow blood from both ventricles to enter.

Consequences:
low oxygenated blood

Question 14

GAD

Answer 14

General Anxiety Disorder

Question 15

NPOEM

Answer 15

Nil by mouth except medication

Question 16

Temp.

Answer 16

In the time of

Question 17

CTCA

Answer 17

CT Coronary Angiography

Question 18

ACS

Answer 18

Acute coronary syndrome:
Cause:
Build up of fatty deposit(plaque) in coronary arteries—> broke off and split —> form blood clot —> block blood flow —> heart muscle die —> angina (chest pain)

Question 19

Status asthmaticus

Answer 19

= acute severe asthma
Does not respond to traditional tx (e.g. medication in inhaler)
- unresponsive to repeated courses of beta-agonist therapy such as inhaled albuterol, levalbuterol, or subcutaneous epinephrine

Cause:
UTI → increase mucus in lung → hard to breathe
Allergy

Manifestations:
SOB
Wheezing
Decreased alertness

Question 20

Schizophrenia

Answer 20

Mental disorder— interpret reality abnormally

Common symptoms:
Delusion: False belief (eg someone is trying to hurt you)
Hallucinations: Hear and see things that don’t exist
Disorganised thinking (speech)

Question 21

ESKD/ESRD

Answer 21

End stage kidney disease/ end stage renal disease:

• Kidney no longer functional

Symptoms:
- fatigue
- weight loss
- loss of appetite

Question 22

HSDNM

Answer 22

Heart sound dual no murmur→ absence of any abnormal sounds during an examination of the heart using a stethoscope

Question 23

Primary antiphospholipid syndrome

Answer 23

immune system mistakenly creates antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can cause blood clots to form in arteries and veins

Possible symptoms:
Stroke
TIA
DVT (Deep vein thrombosis) → usually in leg

Question 24

Warfarin

Answer 24

Prevent blood clots → may take longer time to heal from wounds

Question 25

Water intake

Answer 25

3,000 ml for men and of 2,200 ml for women

2L for child

Question 26

CAPD

Answer 26

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

CAPD (peritonitis)
contamination of the dialysis tubing or extension of catheter exit site or tunnel infections

Peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis

Cleansing fluid flow into your abdomen —> abdomen lining filter and removes waste products from blood —> flow out from abdomen

Blood is removed from body —>filtered blood return to body

Question 27

Status epilepticus

Answer 27

seizure with 5 minutes or more of continuous clinical and/or electrographic seizure activity or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures.

Question 28

Wallenberg syndrome

Answer 28

a neurological condition caused by a stroke in the brain stem, specifically in one of the arteries that provides blood to the cerebellum

Question 29

Sepsis

Answer 29

因為細菌/病毒入侵身體，免疫系統產生過度反應，導致多重器官功能失調，例如肺積水、肝腎功能下降、凝血功能失調等，患者有機會要進入深切治療部留醫。 敗血症死亡率高達40%，輕微的敗血症死亡率也有10%

septic shock → dramatic drop in blood pressure

Question 30

MLS

Answer 30

Brain midline shift:
- a shift of the brain past its center line
- associated with a distortion of the brain stem
- associated with high intracranial pressure (ICP)

Question 31

PE

Answer 31

Pulmonary embolism:

block of blood vessel in lung → blood clot break and travel to lung

Question 32

TOF

Answer 32

Tetralogy of Fallot:
combination of four heart defects that are present at birth (congenital)

• ventricular septal defect (VSD),
• pulmonary stenosis,
• a misplaced aorta
• a thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy)

Manifestation:
- affect the structure of the heart
- cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and to the rest of the body
- A bluish coloration of the skin caused by low blood oxygen levels (cyanosis)

Question 33

LUTS

Answer 33

Lower urinary tract symptoms:

Caused by: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) → prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous

Question 34

Hypothyroidism

Answer 34

Thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones

Manifestation:
tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed

Cause:
immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it