Lesson 1 Flashcards
Vasovagal syncope
Brief LOC due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate.
CKD
Chronic kidney disease.
kidneys are damaged —>
cannot filter blood →
excess fluid remain in body (fluid overflow) → may cause heart disease/ stroke
Organic brain syndrome
Cause:
injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities. Concussions, blood clots, or bleeding in or around the brain from trauma
Consequences:
disturbances in cognitive functions (memory, thinking, perception, and attention), The expression of emotions is altered, and alertness and vigilance are disturbed. Confusion, Agitation, Irritability
A change in behavior, impaired brain function, cognitive ability, or memory
OGD
Oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD)
- examination of the inside of the upper digestive tract by using a flexible video-endoscope which is passed through the mouth into the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.
Caution:
Before 6 hours —> no food/drink
After 1 hour —> can oral intake
PEARL
Pupils are equal, round, reactive to light
LLQ
Left lower quadrant (abdomen)
ITP
Immune thrombocytopenia:
- your blood does not clot as it should, because you have a low platelet count
- When you have a low platelet count, you may have trouble stopping bleeding.
TD
Tardive Dyskinesia
- long-term use of neuroleptic drugs as well as other drugs that increase the brain’s sensitivity to the neurotransmitter dopamine
Manifestation:
Tongue pursing
Chewing or sucking movements
Grimacing (making faces)
Lip-smacking
Puckering or pursing the lips
Rapid eye blinking
Tongue protrusion
Worm-like tongue movements
CSVD
Cerebral small vessel disease:
Cause:
small vessels (under large vessels) obstructed
Short term: won’t have much manifestation
Long term: executive function deteriorates, memory problem, apathy
Palliative care
Opposite to curative care
For:
People with serious illnesses
Provide relief from the symptoms
Compensation strategies
Orthopnea
SOB when lying flat
Cause: increase fluid/pressure in blood vessels in lung
Indication of HF
VS dyspnea
difficulty breathing during non-strenuous activities
Postural hypotension
when your blood pressure drops when you go from lying down to sitting up, or from sitting to standing
TOF
Trochanteric of femur:
congenital heart defect
pulmonary stenosis, which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole allowing blood to flow between the two ventricles;
right ventricular hypertrophy, which is thickening of the right ventricular muscle; and
an overriding aorta, which is where the aorta expands to allow blood from both ventricles to enter.
Consequences:
low oxygenated blood
GAD
General Anxiety Disorder
NPOEM
Nil by mouth except medication
Temp.
In the time of
CTCA
CT Coronary Angiography
ACS
Acute coronary syndrome:
Cause:
Build up of fatty deposit(plaque) in coronary arteries—> broke off and split —> form blood clot —> block blood flow —> heart muscle die —> angina (chest pain)
Status asthmaticus
= acute severe asthma
Does not respond to traditional tx (e.g. medication in inhaler)
- unresponsive to repeated courses of beta-agonist therapy such as inhaled albuterol, levalbuterol, or subcutaneous epinephrine
Cause:
UTI → increase mucus in lung → hard to breathe
Allergy
Manifestations:
SOB
Wheezing
Decreased alertness
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder— interpret reality abnormally
Common symptoms:
Delusion: False belief (eg someone is trying to hurt you)
Hallucinations: Hear and see things that don’t exist
Disorganised thinking (speech)
ESKD/ESRD
End stage kidney disease/ end stage renal disease:
- Kidney no longer functional
Symptoms:
- fatigue
- weight loss
- loss of appetite
HSDNM
Heart sound dual no murmur→ absence of any abnormal sounds during an examination of the heart using a stethoscope
Primary antiphospholipid syndrome
immune system mistakenly creates antibodies that attack tissues in the body. These antibodies can cause blood clots to form in arteries and veins
Possible symptoms:
Stroke
TIA
DVT (Deep vein thrombosis) → usually in leg
Warfarin
Prevent blood clots → may take longer time to heal from wounds
Water intake
3,000 ml for men and of 2,200 ml for women
2L for child
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
CAPD (peritonitis)
contamination of the dialysis tubing or extension of catheter exit site or tunnel infections
Peritoneal dialysis vs hemodialysis
Cleansing fluid flow into your abdomen —> abdomen lining filter and removes waste products from blood —> flow out from abdomen
Blood is removed from body —>filtered blood return to body
Status epilepticus
seizure with 5 minutes or more of continuous clinical and/or electrographic seizure activity or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures.
Wallenberg syndrome
a neurological condition caused by a stroke in the brain stem, specifically in one of the arteries that provides blood to the cerebellum
Sepsis
因為細菌/病毒入侵身體，免疫系統產生過度反應，導致多重器官功能失調，例如肺積水、肝腎功能下降、凝血功能失調等，患者有機會要進入深切治療部留醫。 敗血症死亡率高達40%，輕微的敗血症死亡率也有10%
septic shock → dramatic drop in blood pressure
MLS
Brain midline shift:
- a shift of the brain past its center line
- associated with a distortion of the brain stem
- associated with high intracranial pressure (ICP)
PE
Pulmonary embolism:
block of blood vessel in lung → blood clot break and travel to lung
TOF
Tetralogy of Fallot:
combination of four heart defects that are present at birth (congenital)
- ventricular septal defect (VSD),
- pulmonary stenosis,
- a misplaced aorta
- a thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy)
Manifestation:
- affect the structure of the heart
- cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and to the rest of the body
- A bluish coloration of the skin caused by low blood oxygen levels (cyanosis)
LUTS
Lower urinary tract symptoms:
Caused by: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) → prostate gland is enlarged and not cancerous
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones
Manifestation:
tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed
Cause:
immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it
