Lesson 1 Flashcards
Important parts of a summary
- The introductory part/paragraph
- The body
- The concluding paragraph
Focuses on the main idea of the text you’ve been told to summarise
Introductory Part/Paragraph
Contains the sentences that’ll support the introductory part
The Body
The part of a summary that ties all that you’ve written
The concluding paragraph
Stages in Summary Writing
- Read the text
- Examine the questions and read the text again
- Break down the text you’ve read into different sections
- Identify the text’s major divisions and chunks(identify its topic sentences)
- Write the summary
- Read your summary and then the main text again in order to include any important idea that you’ve left out.
What does the art of summarizing entail..?
..Entails stating the main points in a text..
Summary is meant to be…, …. is not allowed.
..in your own words..
.. Plagiarism..
Qualities Of an effective summary
- Clarity
- Accuracy
- Briefity
In summary, there’s no room for…
Ambiguity
When summarizing, you omit…
Illustrations and Examples
Qualities Of A Good Paragraph
- A good paragraph focuses on just one main idea(it must have a topic sentence)
- Unity(how the essence of all the paragraphs are linked together and how they come together as one)
- Coherence(a followership from one paragraph to the other)
- Topic sentence
- Adequate Development
Structure Of A Paragraph
- Introductory Paragraph
- Supporting sentences
- Concluding sentences
Introductory Paragraph/Sentences(Topic Sentence)
It is usually at the beginning of the paragraph and states the main idea of the paragraph
Supporting Sentences
They gives clarity to the topic sentence as they provide extra information to the topic
Concluding Sentences
The summary providers of the entire paragraph
Types of Paragraph
- Descriptive
- Narrative
- Expository
- Persuasive
Which paragraph deals with the five senses and uses figuratives, simile, irony, onomatopoeia, etc.
Descriptive Paragraph
Narrative Paragraph
It I’d usually constructed serially and chronologically as it deals with storytelling about yourself, a place, an event or any other idea or preference
Expository Paragraph
Deals with exposing something(e.g How to bake a cake) and it deals only with authentic information, you have to supply the right piece of information..
Persuasive Paragraph
It deals with convincing people to buy something or to accept your idea and one has to come up with a “SUPERIOR ARGUMENT” to achieve this.
The most difficult type of paragraph to write.
Persuasive Paragraph
Methods Of Paragraphs
- The block method
- The indented method
A paragraph
A segment of a write up that deals with one main idea
Types of reading skills
- Scanning
- Skimming
- Critical reading
Reading quickly through a text to search for a specific information
Scanning
Skimming
Glancing through a text to get the general information
Scanning
Reading quickly through a text to search for a specific information
Glancing through a text to get the general information
Skimming
Critical Reading
Involves analysis assessment of the text. It allows the reader to participate in the mental interaction with the writer
Which reading skill allows the reader to participate in the mental interaction with the writer.
Critical Reading
Listening
A genuine condition for dialogue and a prerequisite for communication to take place.
It is a process of receiving, constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and/or non verbal messages.
3 aspects of listening
- Getting messages
- Making meaning
- Giving feedback
Listening can be done through;
- The ears (By virtue of hearing sound waves)
- The eyes (To notice body language)
- The heart
Who asked God for a listening heart
King Solomon
The true seat of listening
The heart
When dialogue does not communicate, it is referred to as…. by …..
“A monologue in 2 voices”
Abraham Kaplan
Hearing is not..
Listening
Hearing is..?
A perceptual activity
More of an involuntary action as it is a physiological phenomenon
In dialogue and good communication, listening is..??
The first indispensable ingredient in dialogue and good communication
Listening involves…
Paying attention to the sounds we hear by virtue of response to environmental stimuli; and we intend to find out what they mean.
If listening hasn’t taken place, then..?
Communication doesn’t take place
Hearing does not involve..
Paying attention to the sounds around us
Listening Process
- Hearing/Receiving
- Understanding
- Remembering
- Interpreting & Evaluating
- Feedback/Responding
Types of Listening
- Active
- Discriminative
- Empathic(done so as to feel the emotions of the speaker)
- Appreciative(as in the case of music/songs)
- Critical(as in the case of an examiner of a debate)
Listening Styles
- People oriented: Focuses on people’s feelings
- Content oriented: Focuses on the message to obtain facts
- Action oriented: Focuses on the task ahead
- Time oriented: Conscious of the time to spare
Techniques for Effective Listening
- Pay attention to non-verbal cues. They are useful in understanding the unsaid words
- Give your speaker undivided attention
- Refrain from having other motives than listening
- Don’t turn the speaker’s presentation into a competition by challenging his or her opinion
Barriers to Effective Listening
- Language barrier
- Listener’s emotional problems
- Arguing mentally in a way that favours one’s belief
- Problem of cultural differences in interpreting non-verbal messages
- Making hasty judgment and jumping to conclusion
- Preoccupation with other things
- Listening for the purpose of making rebuttal(countering)
Reading
It means to engage in dialogue with text.
It helps to gather information, develop our mode of thinking and improve our mental capacity.
It gives new insight and provokes new questions & answers and better interpretation
Stages In Reading
- Pre Reading Stage
- Reading Stage
- Post Reading Stage
Aim of the Pre Reading Stage
Involves the development of certain techniques that helps to focus attention, stimulate curiousity and helps the reader to form opinion about the text..
Questions in the Pre Reading Stage
- Do I have a background knowledge about the text.?
- How is this text structured.?
- Is the level of expression for me.?
- Do I need a dictionary to understand.?
- What is in the content page.?
Questions in the Reading Stage
- Does this stage meet my expectation.?
- Is the information portraying what is needed.?
- What is my comprehension stage.?
Questions in the Post Reading Stage
- How well has the author handled this topic.?
- Are there sections I did not understand.,?
- How well does the topic fit into my existing knowledge
- Have I collected all the details that I need.?
SQ3R
Survey
Question
Read
Recall
Review
Survey
It’s the first step and it entails flipping through the document..
Looking through the title, the content, chapter, headings, sub headings and illustrations
Question
Involves questioning the text like;
1. What is the text about.?
2. Would it give me the relevant information that I need.?
3. Is the language too simple or complicated.?
Read
The detailed reading of the document, paying particular attention to the useful section that relate to the question you have in mind.
Recall
This entails what one can remember from what has been read.
It depends on whether the author’s language was straight forward or technical.
To ease recall, it is important to take note and use a highlighter to mark relevant points during reading.
Review
It is also known as 2nd study.
It involves checking through notes to ensure that relevant points are taken.
It allows for additional insight, correction of earlier impressions and sometimes, addition of new ones
The essence of survey
To redirect the mind to the relevant issue in the text
Purpose of Reading
- Information
- Understanding
- To find confirmation
- To excel in life
- To deepen our thinking
- Vocabulary development
- To increase our communication skills
- To exercise our brain
- To learn how to read well
- To learn how to write
- Provision of background for judgement; It provides us with materials on which to base our decision
- It allows us to carry out a thorough investigation
- To find contradictions
- Entertainment
SQ3R was founded by whom in what year.?
Francis Robbinson
1946
Why do we write.?
We write in order to have documents for effective future references; and for record purposes so that we can retrieve information earlier stated.
What do we write.?
Notes
Articles
News Items
Historical facts, etc.
Coherence aids..?
Comprehension and effective recovery.
Qualities Of Good Writing
- It must reflect the facts and figures of any particular event that it purports to reflect.
- It must present needed details in the appropriate ordered in which it was presented.
What renders your work tedious.?
Writing in a non-coherent manner.
Writing in a non-coherent manner does what.?
Renders your writing tedious..
An Outline
The skeleton of the writing as it were.
What does the idiom AS IT WERE mean
So to say
To make known to the world
Publish
Publishing can be done via..?
The media..
The internet
Stages Of Writing
- Prewriting stage
- Select a topic
- Gather Information
- Sort out relevant points on the subject matter
- Make an outline for the write-up
- Write your first draft
- Edit for errors of language (inadequate facts and figures)
- Read your draft again and add more facts
- Write your final draft
- Give it to a colleague to advise you on further valid additions
What does an outline do.?
It gives focus and direction in a write-up
When writing an outline..:
•Use uppercases to divide the topic into several main ideas
•Break the several ideas/sections into smaller bits
When are uppercase letters used in an outline.?
At the subdivision of the essay at the highest level (i.e the largest heading of your outline)
An outline can also be referred to as
A write-up in point form
