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GEOTECH LESSON 1 > LESSON 1 > Flashcards

LESSON 1 Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the uncemented aggregate of mineral
grains and decayed organic matter (solid particles)
with liquid and gas in the empty spaces between the
solid particles

A

Soil

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2
Q

used as a construction material in various civil
engineering projects and it supports structural
foundations.

A

Soil

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3
Q

Branch of science that deals with the study of the
physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil
masses subjected to various types of forces.

A

Soil Mechanics

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4
Q

Subdiscipline of civil engineering that involves natural
materials found close to the surface of the earth.
 It includes the application of the principles of soil
mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of
foundations, retaining structures, and earth materials

A

Geotechnical Engineering

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5
Q

Application of principles of soil mechanics to
engineering problem:

A

a. Highway retaining wall
b. Building basement walls
c. Bridge abutments
d. Earth dam
e. Waterfront bulkhead

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6
Q

Give 3 Examples of Geotechnical Systems:

A
  1. Dams
  2. Tunnels
  3. Excavations
  4. Slope stabilization
  5. Earth retaining structures
  6. Subgrade support
  7. Ground improvements
  8. Foundation for buildings
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7
Q

Give An Example of Geotechical Failures:

A
  1. Leaning Tower of Pisa
  2. Failure of Transcona Grain Elevator
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8
Q

chemical elements that constitute rocks

A

Minerals

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9
Q

the aggregation of minerals into a hard mass

A

Rocks

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10
Q

materials that are derived from the weathering
of rocks

A

Soil

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11
Q

average particle
diameter of the soil at the 10th percentile or 10% of
the particles are smaller that this diameter size

A

Effective particle size (D10)

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12
Q

average particle
diameter of the soil

A

Average particle diameter (D50)

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13
Q

numerical measure
of uniformity

A

Uniformity of coefficient (Cu)

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14
Q

measure of the shape
of the particle distribution curve (coefficient of gradation/ coefficient of concavity)

A

Coefficient of curvature (Cc)

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15
Q

Define As:
Mechanical - process of which rocks are broken into
pieces by physical force (e.g. watre, wind, waves or
ice and frost)
 Chemical - process of chemical decomposition of
the original rock

A

Weathering

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16
Q

3 Basic Types of Rocks

A
  1. Igneous rock
  2. Sedimentary rock
  3. Metamorphic rock
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17
Q

2 Types of Soil Deposition

A

Residual and Transported Soil

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18
Q

soils that are formed by the weathered
products at their place of origin. These soils retain many of
the elements that comprise the parent rock

A

Residual Soil

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19
Q

the composition of these soils depends on the environment under which they were
transported and is often different from the parent rock.

A

Transported Soil

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20
Q

5 Major Categories of Transported Soils

A

CLAGAM:

a) Colluvial/ Gravity Transported - soils from
landslides or mudflows
b) Lacustrine - formed by deposition in quiet lakes
c) Alluvial - transported by running water &
deposited along streams
d) Glacial - formed by transportation and
deposition from glaciers
e) Aeolian - transported & deposited by wind
f) Marine - formed by deposition in the seas

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21
Q

Characteristics of Minerals

A

-Minerals are crystalline materials and make up the
solids constituent of a soil.
-Minerals are classified according to chemical
composition and structure. -Most minerals of interest
to geotechnical engineers are composed of oxygen
and silicon, two of the most abundant elements on
earth.

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22
Q

the principal
mineral of coarse-grained soils. A hard and composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)
in colored, colorless, and transparent hexagonal
crystals

A

Quartz

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23
Q

Natural shape of the particles of coarse-grained soil

A

Angular

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24
Q

Clay minerals are complex aluminum silicates made of
two distinct structural units. these are:

A

A. Silicon tetrahedron - silica sheet
B. Alumina Octahedron - Octahedral Sheet/
Gibbsite (Al) sheet or Brucite (Mg) sheet

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25
Q

3 Clay Minerals

A

a) Kaolinite
b) Illite
c) Montmorillonite

26
Q

consists of repeating layers of elemental silica- gibbsite sheets in 1:1 lattice. The layers are held
together by hydrogen bonding and occurs as platelets.
 used in paints, paper and in pottery and
pharmaceutical industries

A

Kaolinite

27
Q

Chemical Formula of Kaolinite

A

(OH)8Al4Si4O10

28
Q

kaolinite family; hydrated and tubular
structure; (OH)8Al4Si4O10 • 4H2O

A

Halloysite

29
Q

consists of gibbsite sheets bonded to two silica
sheets - one at the top and another at the bottom, also bonded by potassium ions

A

Illite

30
Q

Illite sometimes
called as

A

Clay mica

31
Q

Has a structure similar to that of illite - one gibbsite
sheet sandwiched between two silica sheets. There is
isomorphous substitution of magnesium and iron for
aluminum in the octahedral sheets. Potassium ions
are not present as in illite and large amount of water
is attracted into the space between the layers.

 A highly reactive (expansive - swells on contact with
water) clay

A

Montmorillonite

32
Q

Also called smectite; expands on contact with water

A

Montmorillonite

33
Q

Chemical Formula of Montmorillonite

A

(OH)4Al4Si8O20 • nH2O - high affinity to water

34
Q

montmorillonite family; used as drilling
mud, in slurry trench walls, stopping leaks

A

Bentonite

35
Q

Soil particles are assumed to be rigid. During
deposition, the mineral particles are arranged into
structural frameworks

A

Soil Fabric

36
Q

Types of soil fabric

A

Flocculated structure (saltwater environment)
particles tend to orient parallel to one another.
 Flocculated structure (freshwater environment) - particles oriented in perpendicular manner
 Dispersed structure Occurs when majority of the
particles orient parallel to one another.

37
Q

3 Major Categories of Particle Shape

A

Bulky particles
Flaky Particles
Need-Shape Particles

38
Q

A particle shape mostly formed by mechanical
weathering of rock and minerals.

A

Bulky particles

39
Q

Particle Shape with very low sphericity, predominantly clay minera

A

Flaky Particle

40
Q

Descriptions of bulky particles

A

a) Angular
b) Sub-angular
c) Rounded
d) Sub-rounded

41
Q

Particle shape that is less common than the two
other particle types. Examples are some coral deposits
and attapulgite clays.

A

Needly-shaped particle

42
Q

What are 3 soil types

A
  1. Gravel
  2. Sand
  3. Clay and Silt
43
Q

(Soil Type) pieces of rocks with occasional particles of
quartz, feldspar, and other minerals

A

Gravel

44
Q

(soil type) mostly made of quartz and feldspar

A

Sand

45
Q

( Soil Type) consists of very fine quartz grain, mostly flake-shape microscopic and submicroscopic
particles of mica, clay mineral and others

A

Clay and Silt

46
Q

Determination of size range of particles present in a soil, expressed as % of the total dry weight.

A

Mechanical Analysis of Soil

47
Q

2 methods of Mechanical Analysis of Soil

A
  1. Sieve Analysis
  2. Hydrometer Analysis
48
Q

(True of False ) Sieve Analysis is for particle sizes smaller than 0.075
mm in diameter

A

False

49
Q

(True or False) Hydrometer Analysis - for particle sizes larger than 0.075 mm in diameter

A

False

50
Q

consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of
sieves that have progressively smaller openings.

A

Sieve Analysis

51
Q

based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in
water

A

Hydrometer analysis

52
Q

4 Parameters determined from the particle size distribution curve:

A
  1. Effective Size (D10)
  2. Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)
  3. Coefficient of gradation (Cc)
  4. Sorting Coefficient (S0)
53
Q

diameter in the particle-size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. It is a
good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and
drainage through soils.

A

Effective Size (D10)

54
Q

defined as:
Cu =
(D60)/(D10)

A

Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)

55
Q

defined as:
Cc =
(D²30)/((D60)(D10))

A

Coefficient of gradation (Cc)

56
Q

another measure of uniformity
and is generally encountered in geologic works, expressed as:

S0 = √((D75)/(D25))

A

Sorting Coefficient (S0)

57
Q

Different Types Of Particle-distribution Curve

A

 Curve I (Poorly Graded)
 Curve II (Well Graded)
 Curve III (Gap Graded)

58
Q

(Curve Type) represents a type of soil in
which most of the soil grains are the same size.

A

Curve I (Poorly Graded)

59
Q

(Curve Type) represents a soil in which
particle sizes are distributed over a wide range.
 Cu for gravel > 4
 Cu for sand > 6
 Cu for sand & gravel - betweem 1 and 3

A

Curve II (Well Graded)

60
Q

(Curve Type) soil might have a combination of two or more uniformly graded
fractions.

A

Curve III (Gap Graded)

GEOTECH LESSON 1 (1 decks)

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