Lesson 1 Flashcards
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Personality
value judgments made about a person’s moral and ethical behavior
Character
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
Temperament
Four perspective in study of Personality
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Trait
the founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology
Freud
men were supposedly unable to control their “animal” desires;
Europe during the Victorian Age
Divisions of Consciousness
Preconscious mimd
Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious
Preconscious mind:
level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
Conscious mind
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept
Unconscious mind
can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue
Unconscious mind
Parts of Personality
Id
Ego
Superego
part of the personality present at birth; completely unconscious
Id
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior
Libido
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Pleasure principle
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality; mostly conscious, rational, and logical
Ego
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Reality principle
ID -
Ego -
Super-ego -
Pleasure principle
Reality principle
Ego ideal and Conscience
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
Superego
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
Ego ideal
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
Conscience
unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that
reduce stress and anxiety
Psychological defense mechanisms
DM: the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation
Denial
DM: the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
Repression
unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings
Projection
the person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Rationalization
the person forms an emotional or behavioral reaction opposite to the way he or she really feels in order to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others
Reaction formation
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one
Displacement
the person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
Regression
the person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Identification
the person makes up for deficiencies in one area by becoming superior in another area
Compensation
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior
Sublimation
if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage
Fixation
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
Psychosexual stages
Anal Stage
person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
Anal expulsive personality
a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
Anal retentive personality
Ages and Conflict
Oral Stage
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
First year and Weaning
1-3 years and Toilet traininf
3-6 and sexual feelings
School years and sexual feelings are repressed
Puberty and sexual feelings reawaken
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis
Neo Freudians
developed a theory including both a personal and a collective unconscious
Carl Jung
Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
Personal unconscious
the memories shared by all members of the human species
Collective unconscious
collective, universal human memories
Archetypes
Proposed that feelings of inferiority are the driving force behind personality
Adler
Developed birth order theory
Adler
feel inferior to younger children who receive attention; become overachievers
A- First born
B- middle
C-youngest
A
feel superior to dethroned older children,
A- First born
B- middle
C-youngest
B
feel inferior because they don’t have the freedom or responsibility
A
B
C
C
Developed a theory based on basic anxiety; rejected the concept of penis envy
Horney
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
Basic anxiety
the result of less- secure upbringings and paired with maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships
Neurotic personalities
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span
Erikson
Current research has found support for:
– defense mechanisms
– the concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
• Other Freudian concepts cannot be scientifically researched
– Freud based diagnosis on interpretation of dreams and free association
Modern Psychoanalytic theory
define personality as a set of learned responses or habits
Behaviorist
well-learned response that has become automatic
Habit
emphasize the importance of:
– the influences of other people’s behavior
– the influence of a person’s own expectancies
on learning
Social cognitive learning theorists
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Social cognitive view
Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Reciprocal determinism
an individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (not the same as self-esteem)
Self-efficacy
locus of control
– expectancy
Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
the “third force” in psychology
Humanistic perspective
focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Humanistic perspective
developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism
Humanistic perspective
the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities
Self-actualizing tendency
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life
Self concept
works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality
Self archetype
one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Real self
one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be
Ideal self
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life
Positive regard
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
Unconditional positive regard
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
Conditional positive regard
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Fully functioning person
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Trait theories
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Trait
first developed a list of about 200 traits; he believed that these traits were part of the nervous system
Allport
reduced the number of traits to between sixteen and twenty-three with a computer method called factor analysis
– developed the 16PF test
Cattell
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Surface traits
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Source traits
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation
Introversion
The big five theory
O - op
C - conscientiousness
E - extraversion
A - agreeableness
N - neuroticism
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
conscientiousness
theemotionalstyleofa person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant
Agreeableness
degreeofemotionalinstabilityor
Neuroticism
the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Trait-situation interaction
the study of the relationship between heredity and personality
Behavioral genetics
how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic
influences, and the extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior
Heritability
otherwise known as the “Jim” twins were separated shortly after birth and reunited at age thirty-nine; they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits
James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis
Four basic dimensions of personality
individualism/collectivism
– power distance
– masculinity/femininity
– uncertainty avoidance
personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion
Interview
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements
Halo effect
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
Projective tests
projective test that uses ten inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach inkblot test:
projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
Thematic apperception test
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences
Subjective
the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
Direct observation
a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
Rating scale
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted
Frequency count
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test
Personality inventory
based on the five-factor model
Neo pi
based on
Jung’s theory of personality types
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:
designed to detect abnormal behavior or thinking patterns in personality
MMPI-2
