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Pharmacognosy > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

coined pharmacognosy

A

johann adam schmidt

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2
Q

Manuscript of Johann adam Schmidt

A

Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

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3
Q

Year Lehrbuch der materia medica is published

A

1811(Vienna)

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4
Q

Manuscript done by C.A Seydler which introduced Pharmacognosy

A

Analecta Pharmacognostica

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5
Q

Year and placed when the manuscript Analecta pharmacognostica is published?

A

1815/Haale-Saale, Germany

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6
Q

He stated the comprehensive scope of Pharmacognosy as a simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view

A

Fluckiger

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7
Q

An applied science that deals with the biologic biochemical & economic features of natural drugs that originate from plants and animal kingdoms (Flukiger)

A

Pharmacognosy

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8
Q

they made clay models of man

A

Babylonians

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9
Q

Made paper scrolls

A

Egyptians

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10
Q

egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge.Among the oldest and most important medical papyri in ancient Egypt

A

Ebers papyrus

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11
Q

He purchase Ebers papyrus at Luxor(Thebes) in the winter of 1873-1874

A

Georg Ebers

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12
Q

Drugs that is seen in ebers papyrus

A

Hemlock,Aconite,Opium

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13
Q

The oldest surviving complete medical system in the world. Derived from its Sanskrit roots-“ayus” life; “ved” knowledge

A

Ayurveda

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14
Q

It is a comprehensive outlook to a healthy life.

A

Ayurveda

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15
Q

Prepared famous oath for physicians. Father of medicine

A

Hippocrates

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16
Q

Imp. fluids in the body according to Hippocrates?

A

Blood and Bile

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17
Q

Greek physician who wrote De materia medica which described about 600 plants that was known to have medicinal properties.

A

Dioscorides

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18
Q

Medicinal plants seen in De materia medica

A

Ergot,Belladona,Aloe,Colchicum,Opium

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19
Q

Accdg. to Paracelsus,It is the stone of immortality

A

Opium

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20
Q

French pharmacist that isolated Quinine and caffeine

A

Joseph Caventou

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21
Q

French Pharmacist that isolated codeine

A

Pierre Robiquet

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22
Q

German pharmacist that isolated morphine.

A

Serturner

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23
Q

Most important opium alkaloid

A

morphine

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24
Q

German Pharmacist that isolated Hyoscyamine and Noscapine

A

Rudolf Brandes

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25
Q

2 German pharmacists that isolated atropine

A

Rudolf Brandes+Philipp Geiger

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26
Q

German pharmacist that isolated Salicin and nicotine

A

Johannes Buchner

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27
Q

American surgeon that isolated cocaine

A

Carl Koller

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28
Q

Prototye anticholinergic dx

A

Atropine

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29
Q

First used as local anaesthetic but least used today due to its addictive property

A

Cocaine

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30
Q

Swiss scientist that isolated Lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD)

A

Albert Hoffman

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31
Q

It is the most potent hallucinogen

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide

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32
Q

Medicinal material,is synonymous with the substances and products derived from natural sources and employed by physician in old days.

A

Materia medica

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33
Q

Are substances whether natural or synthetic having therapeutic or medicinal properties and chiefly used as medicines or an ingredient in medicines

A

Drugs

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34
Q

Plants that grow in their native countries

A

Indigenous plant

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35
Q

Plants that grown in a foreign land or in a locality other than their native homes

A

Naturalized plants

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36
Q

Whole plants and animals and anatomical parts.

A

Crude drugs

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37
Q

Have not undergone any process or treatment other than collection and drying

A

Crude drugs

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38
Q

Chief principles/constituents.Substances or mixture of substances present in crude drugs which are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner

A

Derivatives/Extractives

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39
Q

Extraction Processes:

A

Assay,boilin/decoction/percolation,maceration

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40
Q

To soak in a solvent in 24-48-72 hours.

A

Maceration

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41
Q

Solid part to be discarded.

A

Marc

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42
Q

Liquid part; contains the active constituents

A

Menstruum

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43
Q

Best solvent to extract resin

A

Alcohol

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44
Q

Best solvent to extract chlorophyll

A

Acetone

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45
Q

Best solvent to extract solanin

A

acetic acid

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46
Q

Best solvent to extract chrysarobin

A

Hot benzene

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47
Q

Best solvent to extract fats

A

Hexane

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48
Q

method that makes use of the 5 senses

A

Organoleptic evaluation

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49
Q

Makes use of microscopic details

A

Microscopic evaluation

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50
Q

Makes use of physical constant(sg,boiling point,refractive index)

A

Physical evaluation

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51
Q

makes use of instrument such as hplc, chromatography,spectroscopy to determine specific functional group of natural drugs

A

Instrumental evaluation

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52
Q

Makes use of test reagent for chemical synthesis to identify chemical synthesis to identify chemical constituent of natural products

A

Chemical evaluation

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53
Q

Determine the effectiveness of the plant constituent to biological being in-vivo/in-vitro

A

Biological evaluation/bioassay

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54
Q

Digitalis

A

pigeon

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55
Q

insulin

A

Rabbit (HPLC)

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56
Q

Glucagon

A

Cat

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57
Q

Oxytocin

A

Chicken

58
Q

Vassopressin

A

Male rat

59
Q

Corticotropin

A

rat

60
Q

Tubocurarine inj.

A

Rabbit (HPLC)

61
Q

HCG

A

female rats

62
Q

heparin & protamine

A

sheep blood plasma

63
Q

Cod liver oil

A

Rachitic rat

64
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

dogs

65
Q

preparation of drugs for commercial market

A

collection,drying,garbling,packaging,storage and preservation

66
Q

process of collecting plants properly in accordance with time of harvesting and proper handling. For small scale

A

Collection

67
Q

Pectin

A

citrus fruits

68
Q

unripe fruits

A

protopectin

69
Q

Just ripe:

Overripe:

A

pectin

pectic acid

70
Q

Marijuana young leaves

A

cannabidiol

71
Q

mature leaves of marijuana

A

cannabinol (THC)

72
Q

Specific or proper season. for large scale

A

Harvesting

73
Q

For potent substances

A

manual harvesting

74
Q

Use of pickers,mowers

A

mechanical harvesting

75
Q

removes sufficient moisture

A

drying

76
Q

special drying process that enhances the properties of the active constituents

A

Curing

77
Q

Final step in preparation of a crude drug.Removal of extraneous matter(dirt,adulterants)

A

Garbling

78
Q

Simplest method of protecting drugs against attacks by insects and other form of destruction

A

Expose to temperature of 65 deg. C

79
Q

Plants with many botanical features in common. Names end in -aceae

A

Family

80
Q

Divided which group of plants within the family that have some significant botanical differences. Names end in -oideae

A

Subfamily

81
Q

Part of the plant name that is most familiar

A

genus

82
Q

Group of drugs accdg. to their pharmacological action of their most important constituent of their therapeutic use

A

Pharmacological/Therapeutic classification

83
Q

Crude drugs that are classified depending upon the active constituent.

A

Chemical Classification

84
Q

Study of the biochemical pathways leading to formation of secondary constituents

A

Drug Biosynthesis/Biogenesis

85
Q

Biosynthesis of aromatic aa (Y,W,F). Metabolic pathway that is only common in plants

A

Shikimic acid Pathway

86
Q

What is the starting molecules in shikimic pathway

A

Erythrose-4-Phosphate+Phosphoenylpyruvate

87
Q

Biosynthesis of steroids

A

acetate mevalonate derived compounds

88
Q

formed via the acetic mevalonic acid pathway

A

Terpene derivatives

89
Q

formed via the shikimic acid phenylpropanoid route

A

aromatic compounds

90
Q

Increase concentration of constituents with age. Age of development

A

Ontogeny

91
Q

intentional addition of adulterants

A

sophistication

92
Q

careless addition of adulterants

A

admixture

93
Q

Different substance from labeled claim.

A

Substitution

94
Q

Misinterpretation of activity or purity due to intentional or unintentional procedures.

A

deterioration

95
Q

partially decomposed,wormy or rancid drugs

A

spoilage

96
Q

active constituents is below standard

A

Inferiority

97
Q

Obtained from direct parts of the plants and containing cellular tissues

A

organized drug

98
Q

obtained from plants by physical processes such as incision,drying or extraction and does not contain cellular tissues

A

Unorganized drug

99
Q

Cause chemical changes in the preparation

A

Pharmaceutically active

100
Q

responsible for the therapeutic activity

A

Pharmacologically active

101
Q

No definite pharmacologic activity. (Excipients,Adjuvants)

A

Inert constituents

102
Q

Extracted,crystallized and purified;presence of inert matter which may modify or prevent absorbability or potency AC.

A

Secondary plant substance,secondary metabolite

103
Q

first product of photosynthesis

A

CArbohydrates (glucose)

104
Q

1g lipids

A

9kcal

105
Q

1g Carbo.

A

4 kcal

106
Q

1 g alcohol

A

7 kcal

107
Q

diagnostic agent for intestinal absorption

A

xylose

108
Q

obtained from boiling corn cobs with diluted acid to hydrolyze the xylan polymer

A

xylose

109
Q

food for diabetics

A

fructose/levulose/fruit sugar

110
Q

ingredient in infant feeding formula

A

fructose

111
Q

use as nutrient and flavorant

A

Glucose/Dextrose

112
Q

used as osmotic diuretic for hydrocephalus

A

mannose

113
Q

found in chewing gums and toothpaste

A

sorbitol

114
Q

plant source of sorbitol

A

Sorbus aucuparia

115
Q

aka mt. Ash and D-glucitol

A

sorbitol

116
Q

from ergot and yeast

A

trehalose

117
Q

Gb of trehalose

A

alpha 1,1 Gb

118
Q

milk left after separation of cream

A

skimmed milk

119
Q

liquid separated from coagulum

A

whey

120
Q

proper treatment of coagulum

A

cheese

121
Q

produced by the alkaline rearrangement of lactose

A

lactulose

122
Q

brand name of lactulose?

A

Duphalac

123
Q

temporary storage form of photosynthetic product in plants

A

starch

124
Q

most widely distributed organic compound in plants

A

starch

125
Q

pancreatic juice and saliva

A

B-amylase

126
Q

hydrolyzes starch to maltose

A

A-amylase

127
Q

mechanical or chemical process to rupture all parts of granules in the presence of water

A

Pregelatinized starch

128
Q

tablet disintegrant

A

sodium starch Glycolate

129
Q

semisynthetic material used as plasma expander at 6 % conc.

A

Hetastarch

130
Q

It is well known to be animal starch ,storage form of carbohydrates in animals

A

glycogen

131
Q

aka hydrous inulin,used to measure GFR

A

Inulin

132
Q

used as microbial culture media

A

Inulin

133
Q

not digested by mammalian enzyme system because they lack cellulase

A

cellulose

134
Q

most abundant organic matter

A

cellulose

135
Q

plant source of purified of cotton

A

Gossypium hirsutum

136
Q

Male contraceptive

A

Gossypol

137
Q

have spermicidal property

A

purified cotton

138
Q

used as binder and disintegrant

A

Powdered cellulose

139
Q

purified,mechanically disintegrated cellulose used as a self-binding tablet diluent and disintegrating agent

A

powdered cellulose

140
Q

Diluent(avicel)

A

microcrystalline cellulose

141
Q

bleached regenerated cellulose

A

Purified rayon

142
Q

12.5% titanium dioxide

A

purified rayon

Pharmacognosy (1 decks)

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