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Exercise Science > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

flow and exchange of energy in a system

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2
Q

What are the types of biological work in the body?

A

mechanical; muscle action
chemical; molecule synthesis
transport; active concentration, active movement across membrane of substances

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3
Q

define metabolism

A

the chemical processes and reactions that result in breakdown of molecules (catabolic) or synthesis of molecules (anabolic)

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4
Q

which processes use and produce ATP?

A

catabolic produce

anabolic use

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5
Q

Explain ATP

A
  • PE in this molecule powers all of a cells energy requiring processes
  • contains 2 high-energy phosphate bonds that easily transfer energy when hydrolyzed
  • cells contain only small amounts of ATP so various metabolic processes must maintain a steady supply of ATP so living cells can grow, reproduce, and respond to stress caused by exercise, starvtion and injury
  • ATP often restored by transferring energy from food to ADP and P to form ATP
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6
Q

what is an oxidation reaction ?

A

electron removed from atom or molecule

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7
Q

what is a reduction reaction?

A

electron added to atom or molecule

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8
Q

Give some important examples of oxidation and reduction

A
  • in metabolic reactions, electron transfer often involves H

- 2 important electron carriers are NAD+ and FADH

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9
Q

Explain NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

  • derived from the vitamin niacin (Vit B3)
  • NAD+= oxidized form, NADH + H+= reduced form
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10
Q

Explain FADH

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

  • derived from vit riboflavin (Vit B2)
  • FAD= oxidized form, FADH= reduced form
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11
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

breakdown of a molecule through the addition of the components of H20

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12
Q

Define condensation

A

synthesis of a molecule resulitng in additional production of H20, sometimes called dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

Give an important example of hydrolysis

A

ATP releases energy to be used in biological work when hydrolyzed

  • ATP + H20= ADP+ P+ energy
  • under control of ATPase
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14
Q

What are the 3 primary pathways that cells resynthesize ATP?

A
  • PCr system
  • Substrate level phosphorylation
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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15
Q

PCr system

A

PCr+ ADP= ATP + Cr

  • controlled by creatine kinase
  • occurs very rapidly, limited supply of PCr in muscle
  • resynthesis requries ATP and only occurs @ rest
  • short term, high intensity (5-10 sec)
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16
Q

Substrate level phos.

A
  • free phosphate transferred directly from intermediate molecule in metabolic pathways
  • occurs during glycolysis
  • fast, but not as fast as PCr
17
Q

Oxidative phos.

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • substrate oxidized, NAD+ and FAD reduced
  • energy used to drive ETC
  • slowest, but high supply
  • provides majority of ATP for sustained exercise
18
Q

Define glycogen

A

polysaccaride composed of hundreds of thousands of glucose molecules. stored in liver and skeletal muscle

19
Q

define glycogensis

A

synthesis of glycogen

20
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to yield glucose

21
Q

define glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. produces ATP

  • splits glucose (6 carbon chain) into 2 molecules pyruvic acid (3 carbon chain)
  • transfers energy from chemical bonds in glucose to join Pi and ADP to produce ATP
  • ANAEROBIC
22
Q

explain the stages of glycolysis

A

Energy investment stage:
-2 stored ATP used (convereted to ADP + Pi) to rearrange and phosphorylate (add Pi to) plasma glucose to form which is then split into two molecules

Energy generation stage:

  • 2 molecules oxidized (H removed) and phosphorylated, and NAD+ reduced to NADH
  • 2 NADH produced, NAD+ must be available for this to happen
  • 2 phosphates on each molecule are used to generate ATP as the moleucle is convered to pyruvate, via substrate level phosphyration
  • 4 ATP produced
23
Q

Where does aerobic metabolism occur?

A

mitochondria

24
Q

which two pathways are involved in aerobic metabolism?

A

ETC

Citric acid cycle (krebs)

25
Q

Explain the Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • requires Acetyl-coA
  • pyruvate irreversilby oxidized to acetyl-coA in mitochondria
  • produces 1NADH and 1 CO2
  • Acetyl-coA enters cycle and combines w oxaloacetic acid, where it undergoes several oxidative reactions, which ultimately regenerate oxaloacetic acid to reinitiate the cycle w more Acetyl-coA
  • For each molecule of acetyl-coA that enters the cycle, the following are produced: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2
26
Q

Explain the ETC (oxidative phosphorlyation)

A
  • occurs in mitochondiral membrane, via 3 protein pumps on membrane
  • requires NADH/FADH and oxygen
  • 1st pump: NADH oxidized to NAD+, H+ pumped from mitochondiral matrix to intermembrane space….electron obtained from oxidation of NADH passed within membrane, activating 2nd and 3rd pumps, moving additional H from matrix to intermembrane space
  • FADH initiates the chain at 2nd pump…more H moved through the oxidation of NADH and FADH
  • NONE OF THE PUMPS WILL OPERATE IF OXYGEN NOT PRESENT TO ACCEPT ELECTRON AT 3RD PUMP
  • oxygen combines with H to form H20
  • process creates large concentration of H in the intermembrane space relative to matrix, large H+ gradient
  • H wants to move down gradient but can only move through specific protein channels

-H re-renters matrix by traveling through the protein channel ATP synthase, ATP synthase uses energy of H movement fo syntehsis ATP

27
Q

Explain ATP production for ETC

A

each molecule NADH oxidized= 2.5 ATP produced

each molecule FADH oxidized= 1.5 ATP produced

28
Q

Define chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

process of ETC creating an H+ gradient to drive ATP production

29
Q

What is the ATP Tally for 1 molecule of glucose and other fuel sources TOTAL?

A

32 ATP per 1 molecule glucose

30
Q

What are alternative fuel sources for aerobic metabolism?

A
  • Fatty acids= can be converted to acetyl-coA via beta oxidation
  • amino acids= only provide 2-15% energy during exercise, diff amino acids can be converted to glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and enter metabolism pathways at various points
31
Q

What are the only fuel sources for anerobic metabolism?

A

PCr and glucose

32
Q

When is lactate produced?

A

-some always produced by body, even during rest, used quickly as fuel

  • begins to accumulate during periods of increased reliance on anerobic metabolism
  • allows exercise to continiue in prescence of not enough oxygen, or when aerobic metabolism does not produce ATP fast enough for the current exercise (high intensity)
33
Q

How and why is lactate produced?

A

If the aerobic metabolism is functioning slower than the current energy demand requires….

  • there is an acculumation of pyruvate
  • depletion of NAD+ avail for glycolysis
  • occurences limit rate of glycolysis
  • pyruvate convered to lactate via oxidation of NADH
  • allows glycolysis to continue at a high rate, reducing excess pyruvate and replenishing NAD+
34
Q

What happens to lactate?

A
  • lactate= valuable source of chem energy
  • lactate shuttle= diffuses into adjacent fibers where it is converted back to pyruvate and used as fuel

diffusion into bloodstream:
used as fuel in inactive muscles and the heart
cori cycle; used by liver to synthesis glucose (gluconeogensis)

35
Q

Explain lactate and acidosis

A

though a complete understanding of lactate is unclear, it appears that an acculumation of lactate contributes to an overall lowering of pH during high intensity exercise

Exercise Science (4 decks)

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