lessa go Flashcards
what is variolation?
inoculation of a small amount of smallpox into the skin (18th)
what is vaccination?
with jenner and pasteur
jenner: inoculation of cowpox virus into the skin
pasteur: inoculation with rabies virus
why did jenners inoculation work
because the cowpox virus is very close to the smallpox virus
how does the vaccine work
1) injection of cowpox by skin scratches
2) the immune system makes antibodies and long-term memory cells
3) when smallpox enter the body, the memory cells are simulated leading to a strong secondary response
4) the response mimics the immunity gained by recovering from the disease
what was the replacement for cowpox vaccine
vaccinia a mix of cow and smallpox
how can we control bacterial disease
by behavioural and environmental methods such as sanitation and antibiotics
how can we control viral diseases
by vaccination
what is heard immunity
a phenomenon if most of the population is immune and the outbreaks are becoming only sporadic because there isnt enough susceptible individuals
what are the types of vaccine
- live attenuated
- inactive killed
- subunit
- conjugated
- nucleic acid DNA
how does the live attenuated vaccine work?
mimic an actual infection
what are the advantages for live attenuated vaccine
lifelong immunity
95% effectiveness rate
the virus will replicate inside the body acting as a booster
no need for a booster
give examples for diseases that uses live attenuated vaccine
chickenpox herpes zoster measles mumps rubella
how do we kill the viruses for killed vaccine?
using phenol and formalin
is killed vaccine safer than live vaccines?
yes
does killed vaccine require a booster shot?
yes
is it less or more effective than live vaccine
less effective
name some inactivated killed vaccines for viral infections
hepatitis A
rabies
influenza
polio
name some bacteria that we use bacterial inactive vaccine against
pneumococcal pneumonia
cholera
pertussis
typhoid
what does the subunit vaccine use
only the antigenic fragments which is much more safer than killed and live vaccine
what are the types of subunit vaccines
toxoids
recombinant
VLP
polysaccharides
what are toxoids with examples
inactivated toxins such as tetanus and diphtheria (both requires a shot every 10 years )
how can we treat diphtheria
toxoid vaccines
antibiotics
antitoxins
what are recombinant vaccine
vaccines that are produced by genetic modification
example hepatitis B ( modified yeast)
what are VLP
resembles the virus but deosnt contain any viral genetic material
example papilloma vaccine ( modified yeast)
what are polysaccharide vaccines
targets the capsule like N. meningitis
what are conjugated vaccines
based on the capsular polysaccharides for children with poor immune response
can work with haemophilus influenza
what are DNA vaccines
based on injecting plasmids which results into the production of the protein antigen
the antigen the stimulate the hormonal and cellular immunity in the red bone marrow which makes a good immunological memory
what are the advantages for dna vaccines
can be used in less developed countries because it doesnt need refrigeration
what are the advantages for dna vaccines
can be used in less developed countries because it doesnt need refrigeration
and very cheap to make
what are the vaccines for 0-6 ages
hepatitis B and A rotavirus DTaP Haemophilus influenzae b pneumococcal inactive poliovirus MMR varicella meningococcal
