lessa go

Question 1

what is variolation?

Answer 1

inoculation of a small amount of smallpox into the skin (18th)

Question 2

what is vaccination?

with jenner and pasteur

Answer 2

jenner: inoculation of cowpox virus into the skin
pasteur: inoculation with rabies virus

Question 3

why did jenners inoculation work

Answer 3

because the cowpox virus is very close to the smallpox virus

Question 4

how does the vaccine work

Answer 4

1) injection of cowpox by skin scratches
2) the immune system makes antibodies and long-term memory cells
3) when smallpox enter the body, the memory cells are simulated leading to a strong secondary response
4) the response mimics the immunity gained by recovering from the disease

Question 5

what was the replacement for cowpox vaccine

Answer 5

vaccinia a mix of cow and smallpox

Question 6

how can we control bacterial disease

Answer 6

by behavioural and environmental methods such as sanitation and antibiotics

Question 7

how can we control viral diseases

Answer 7

by vaccination

Question 8

what is heard immunity

Answer 8

a phenomenon if most of the population is immune and the outbreaks are becoming only sporadic because there isnt enough susceptible individuals

Question 9

what are the types of vaccine

Answer 9

1. live attenuated
2. inactive killed
3. subunit
4. conjugated
5. nucleic acid DNA

Question 10

how does the live attenuated vaccine work?

Answer 10

mimic an actual infection

Question 11

what are the advantages for live attenuated vaccine

Answer 11

lifelong immunity
95% effectiveness rate
the virus will replicate inside the body acting as a booster
no need for a booster

Question 12

give examples for diseases that uses live attenuated vaccine

Answer 12

chickenpox
herpes zoster 
measles 
mumps 
rubella

Question 13

how do we kill the viruses for killed vaccine?

Answer 13

using phenol and formalin

Question 14

is killed vaccine safer than live vaccines?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

does killed vaccine require a booster shot?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

is it less or more effective than live vaccine

Answer 16

less effective

Question 17

name some inactivated killed vaccines for viral infections

Answer 17

hepatitis A
rabies
influenza
polio

Question 18

name some bacteria that we use bacterial inactive vaccine against

Answer 18

pneumococcal pneumonia
cholera
pertussis
typhoid

Question 19

what does the subunit vaccine use

Answer 19

only the antigenic fragments which is much more safer than killed and live vaccine

Question 20

what are the types of subunit vaccines

Answer 20

toxoids
recombinant
VLP
polysaccharides

Question 21

what are toxoids with examples

Answer 21

inactivated toxins such as tetanus and diphtheria (both requires a shot every 10 years )

Question 22

how can we treat diphtheria

Answer 22

toxoid vaccines
antibiotics
antitoxins

Question 23

what are recombinant vaccine

Answer 23

vaccines that are produced by genetic modification

example hepatitis B ( modified yeast)

Question 24

what are VLP

Answer 24

resembles the virus but deosnt contain any viral genetic material
example papilloma vaccine ( modified yeast)

Question 25

what are polysaccharide vaccines

Answer 25

targets the capsule like N. meningitis

Question 26

what are conjugated vaccines

Answer 26

based on the capsular polysaccharides for children with poor immune response can work with haemophilus influenza

Question 27

what are DNA vaccines

Answer 27

based on injecting plasmids which results into the production of the protein antigen the antigen the stimulate the hormonal and cellular immunity in the red bone marrow which makes a good immunological memory

Question 28

what are the advantages for dna vaccines

Answer 28

can be used in less developed countries because it doesnt need refrigeration

Question 28

what are the advantages for dna vaccines

Answer 28

can be used in less developed countries because it doesnt need refrigeration and very cheap to make

Question 29

what are the vaccines for 0-6 ages

Answer 29

``` hepatitis B and A rotavirus DTaP Haemophilus influenzae b pneumococcal inactive poliovirus MMR varicella meningococcal ```