Les 3 Flashcards
Categories of Earth Materials:
- Rocks
- Igneous
- Metamorphic
- Sedimentary
- Minerals
Magma - cools and solidifies
Cooling - forms igneous rocks
Formation of Igneous Rocks
Weathering and Erosion - break down existing rocks
Sediments - are transported and deposited
Compaction and Lithification - form sedimentary rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Heat and Pressure - alter existing rocks
Metamorphism - changes the rock into metamorphic rock
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks
Melting - of any rock type returns it to magma
Returning to Magma
●Solid:Minerals are solid materials.
● Naturally Occurring: They form through natural geological processes.
● Inorganic: Minerals are not made by living organisms.
● Definite Chemical Composition: They have a specific chemical formula with elements and compounds in a precise ratio.
● Ordered Internal Structure:Atoms are arranged in a systematic, repeating pattern, often forming geometric or crystal structures.
Characteristics of a mineral
● Not a Mineral: Liquids and gases are not considered minerals.
● Not Man-Made: Minerals cannot be created artificially; they must form through natural processes.
● Non-Living: Minerals are not products of biological activity; they are formed geologically.
Clarifications for mineral
MINERALS
Has a definite chemical
composition; minerals are
inorganic compounds.
ROCKS
Does not have a definite
chemical composition
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
MINERALS
Zinc, potassium, iron, sodium,
fluoride
ROCKS
Limestone, Basalt, Coal,
Claystone
EXAMPLES
MINERALS:
MINERALOGY
ROCKS :
PETROLOGY
STUDY
MINERALS
Minerals help in bone and
tooth formation, blood
coagulation and muscle
contraction.
ROCKS
shelter and foundation
FUNCTIONS IN
BIOLOGY
MINERALS
color is usually the same
ROCKS
color is not the same
COLOR
MINERALS
No fossils
ROCKS
Some have fossils
FOSSILS
• Color
• Streak
• Luster
• Crystal form
• Hardness
• Cleavage
• Fracture
• Density
Minerals
●Geometric arrangement of planar faces that bound a crystal
●Habit or form is the external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of atoms
●Distinctive shape or outward appearance of a particular mineral
pyrite
Crystal Habit or Form
_____________ when a mineral break along a flat, smooth surface
_________ when a mineral breaks along an irregular surface
Cleavage
Fracture
Mineral does not exhibit cleavage, it breaks or fracture in an irregular manner.
FRACTURE
• Silicate tetrahedra can combine in several ways
to form many common minerals
• Typical cations:
K+
, Ca+
, Na+
, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+
Silicate structure
– Most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust
– Silicate ion (tetrahedron), SiO4
4
SILICATES
– Compounds of metallic cations and oxygen
– have oxygen (O2-) as their anion. They don’t include anion groups with other elements, such as the carbonate (CO32-), sulphate (SO42-), and silicate (SiO44-) anion groups.
– Important for many metal
ores needed to make things (e.g. , iron, chromium, titanium)
– Ores are economically useful
(i.e., possible to mine)
mineral deposits
Oxides
– is the main component of rocks formed in ancient seas by organisms such as corals and algae
– Make up many common rocks including limestone and marble
Carbonates
Hematite Fe2O3
Magnetite Fe3O4
Limonite 2Fe2O3 3H2O
Corundum Al2O3
Bauxite Al2O3 2H₂O
Aluminum ore
OXIDE MINERALS
Calcite CaCO3
Siderite FeCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
Dolomite (Ca,Mg)CO3
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
Azurite CU3(CO3)2(OH)2
CARBONATE MINERALS
– Metallic cations with sulfide (S2-) ion
– include galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, and molybdenite, which are the most important ores of lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum, respectively.
– Sulphide minerals tend to
have a metallic sheen.
– Important for ores ofbcopper, zinc, nickel, lead,iron
– Pyrite (FeS2), galena(PbS)
Sulfides
Galena PbS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Sphalerite ZnS
Molybdenite MoS2
Pyrite FeS2
Bornite CuFeS4
Arsenopyrite FeAsS
Stibnite Sb2S3
SULPHIDE MINERALS
Anhydrite CaSO4
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Barite BaSO4
Celestite SrSO4
SULPHATE MINERALS
•1,000 feet depth in the silver and lead
Naica Mine
•150 degrees, with 100 % humidity
•4-ft diameter columns 50 ft length
Gypsum
Cave of the Crystals
– The anions in __________ are
the halogen elements including
chlorine, fluorine, and bromine.
– Examples of ______ minerals are
cryolite, fluorite, and halite
– Halide minerals are made of ionic
bonds. Like the sulfates, some
halides also form when mineral-rich
water evaporates.
Halides
●Apatite Ca5(PO4)3 (F,CI, OH)
●Turquoise CuAls (PO4)4(OH)8 4H2O
PHOSPHATE MINERALS
are composed of positively charged metal ions joined with phosphate (PO43-) ions.
Phosphate Minerals
minerals composed of only one element.
Native Elements
Sulfur (S)
Diamond (C) Graphite (C)
Gold(Au)
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Platinum (Pt)
Native Elements Minerals
Quote
“Like the Philippines, you are rich in untapped
potential, waiting to shine. It’s time to break free
from the hurdles, ignite that inner drive, and rise
above limitations.”
Quote abt Philippines
THE PHILIPPINES HAS ALL THE POTENTIAL
BUT IT’S JUST NOT ABLE TO USE IT FULLY
DUE TO MANY HURDLES, THE LACK OF
DRIVE & OF COURSE, OUR RIDICULOUS
GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM.
IT IS A RICH COUNTRY PRETENDING TO BE
POOR.
About ____________ of land areas in the Philippines is deemed as possible areas for metallic minerals. About ____________ of land areas
is identified as having high mineral potential, according to MGB.
30 million hectares
9 million hectares
The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at ___________ and non-metallic minerals are at
_______________, as of 2012.
21.5 billion metric tons
19.3 billion metric tons
The mining industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is at ______.
The contribution of minerals and mineral products to the country’s total exports is at ________ non-metallic mineral
manufacturers.
The total export value for 2020–2022 was
US$18.7 billion or 8.51% of the country’s total
exports.
0.6%
4% and 0.3% for
The Philippines is the _______ most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. It is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world.
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has estimated that the country has an estimated _______ worth of untapped mineral wealth.
FIFTH
$840 billion
THE PHILIPPINES IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST RICHLY
ENDOWED MINERAL RESOURCES COUNTRIES. IT IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE
ABOUT ________ WORTH OF UNTAPPED COPPER, GOLD, NICKEL, ZINC
AND SILVER RESERVES. ONLY _____ OF THESE RESERVES HAVE BEEN
EXPLORED, AND _____ ARE COVERED BY MINING CONTRACTS.
$1 TRILLION
5%
3%
