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Earth Sci > Les 3 > Flashcards

Les 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of Earth Materials:

A
  • Rocks
    • Igneous
    • Metamorphic
    • Sedimentary
    • Minerals
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2
Q

Magma - cools and solidifies
Cooling - forms igneous rocks

A

Formation of Igneous Rocks

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3
Q

Weathering and Erosion - break down existing rocks
Sediments - are transported and deposited
Compaction and Lithification - form sedimentary rocks

A

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

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4
Q

Heat and Pressure - alter existing rocks
Metamorphism - changes the rock into metamorphic rock

A

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

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5
Q

Melting - of any rock type returns it to magma

A

Returning to Magma

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6
Q

●Solid:Minerals are solid materials.
● Naturally Occurring: They form through natural geological processes.
● Inorganic: Minerals are not made by living organisms.
● Definite Chemical Composition: They have a specific chemical formula with elements and compounds in a precise ratio.
● Ordered Internal Structure:Atoms are arranged in a systematic, repeating pattern, often forming geometric or crystal structures.

A

Characteristics of a mineral

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7
Q

● Not a Mineral: Liquids and gases are not considered minerals.
● Not Man-Made: Minerals cannot be created artificially; they must form through natural processes.
● Non-Living: Minerals are not products of biological activity; they are formed geologically.

A

Clarifications for mineral

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8
Q

MINERALS
Has a definite chemical
composition; minerals are
inorganic compounds.
ROCKS
Does not have a definite
chemical composition

A

CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION

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9
Q

MINERALS
Zinc, potassium, iron, sodium,
fluoride
ROCKS
Limestone, Basalt, Coal,
Claystone

A

EXAMPLES

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10
Q

MINERALS:
MINERALOGY
ROCKS :
PETROLOGY

A

STUDY

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11
Q

MINERALS
Minerals help in bone and
tooth formation, blood
coagulation and muscle
contraction.
ROCKS
shelter and foundation

A

FUNCTIONS IN
BIOLOGY

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12
Q

MINERALS
color is usually the same
ROCKS
color is not the same

A

COLOR

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13
Q

MINERALS
No fossils
ROCKS
Some have fossils

A

FOSSILS

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14
Q

• Color
• Streak
• Luster
• Crystal form
• Hardness
• Cleavage
• Fracture
• Density

A

Minerals

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15
Q

●Geometric arrangement of planar faces that bound a crystal
●Habit or form is the external expression of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of atoms
●Distinctive shape or outward appearance of a particular mineral
pyrite

A

Crystal Habit or Form

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16
Q

_____________ when a mineral break along a flat, smooth surface

_________ when a mineral breaks along an irregular surface

A

Cleavage
Fracture

17
Q

Mineral does not exhibit cleavage, it breaks or fracture in an irregular manner.

A

FRACTURE

18
Q

• Silicate tetrahedra can combine in several ways
to form many common minerals
• Typical cations:
K+
, Ca+
, Na+
, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+

A

Silicate structure

19
Q

– Most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust
– Silicate ion (tetrahedron), SiO4
4

A

SILICATES

20
Q

– Compounds of metallic cations and oxygen
– have oxygen (O2-) as their anion. They don’t include anion groups with other elements, such as the carbonate (CO32-), sulphate (SO42-), and silicate (SiO44-) anion groups.
– Important for many metal
ores needed to make things (e.g. , iron, chromium, titanium)
– Ores are economically useful
(i.e., possible to mine)
mineral deposits

A

Oxides

21
Q

– is the main component of rocks formed in ancient seas by organisms such as corals and algae
– Make up many common rocks including limestone and marble

A

Carbonates

22
Q

Hematite Fe2O3
Magnetite Fe3O4
Limonite 2Fe2O3 3H2O
Corundum Al2O3
Bauxite Al2O3 2H₂O
Aluminum ore

A

OXIDE MINERALS

23
Q

Calcite CaCO3
Siderite FeCO3
Magnesite MgCO3
Dolomite (Ca,Mg)CO3
Malachite Cu2CO3(OH)2
Azurite CU3(CO3)2(OH)2

A

CARBONATE MINERALS

24
Q

– Metallic cations with sulfide (S2-) ion
– include galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, and molybdenite, which are the most important ores of lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum, respectively.
– Sulphide minerals tend to
have a metallic sheen.
– Important for ores ofbcopper, zinc, nickel, lead,iron
– Pyrite (FeS2), galena(PbS)

A

Sulfides

25
Q

Galena PbS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Sphalerite ZnS
Molybdenite MoS2
Pyrite FeS2
Bornite CuFeS4
Arsenopyrite FeAsS
Stibnite Sb2S3

A

SULPHIDE MINERALS

26
Q

Anhydrite CaSO4
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Barite BaSO4
Celestite SrSO4

A

SULPHATE MINERALS

27
Q

•1,000 feet depth in the silver and lead
Naica Mine
•150 degrees, with 100 % humidity
•4-ft diameter columns 50 ft length

A

Gypsum
Cave of the Crystals

28
Q

– The anions in __________ are
the halogen elements including
chlorine, fluorine, and bromine.
– Examples of ______ minerals are
cryolite, fluorite, and halite
– Halide minerals are made of ionic
bonds. Like the sulfates, some
halides also form when mineral-rich
water evaporates.

A

Halides

29
Q

●Apatite Ca5(PO4)3 (F,CI, OH)

●Turquoise CuAls (PO4)4(OH)8 4H2O

A

PHOSPHATE MINERALS

30
Q

are composed of positively charged metal ions joined with phosphate (PO43-) ions.

A

Phosphate Minerals

31
Q

minerals composed of only one element.

A

Native Elements

32
Q

Sulfur (S)
Diamond (C) Graphite (C)
Gold(Au)
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Platinum (Pt)

A

Native Elements Minerals

33
Q

Quote

A

“Like the Philippines, you are rich in untapped
potential, waiting to shine. It’s time to break free
from the hurdles, ignite that inner drive, and rise
above limitations.”

34
Q

Quote abt Philippines

A

THE PHILIPPINES HAS ALL THE POTENTIAL
BUT IT’S JUST NOT ABLE TO USE IT FULLY
DUE TO MANY HURDLES, THE LACK OF
DRIVE & OF COURSE, OUR RIDICULOUS
GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM.
IT IS A RICH COUNTRY PRETENDING TO BE
POOR.

35
Q

About ____________ of land areas in the Philippines is deemed as possible areas for metallic minerals. About ____________ of land areas
is identified as having high mineral potential, according to MGB.

A

30 million hectares
9 million hectares

36
Q

The Philippines metal deposit is estimated at ___________ and non-metallic minerals are at
_______________, as of 2012.

A

21.5 billion metric tons
19.3 billion metric tons

37
Q

The mining industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is at ______.
The contribution of minerals and mineral products to the country’s total exports is at ________ non-metallic mineral
manufacturers.
The total export value for 2020–2022 was
US$18.7 billion or 8.51% of the country’s total
exports.

A

0.6%
4% and 0.3% for

38
Q

The Philippines is the _______ most mineral-rich country in the world for gold, nickel, copper, and chromite. It is home to the largest copper-gold deposit in the world.
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau has estimated that the country has an estimated _______ worth of untapped mineral wealth.

A

FIFTH
$840 billion

39
Q

THE PHILIPPINES IS ONE OF THE WORLD’S MOST RICHLY
ENDOWED MINERAL RESOURCES COUNTRIES. IT IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE
ABOUT ________ WORTH OF UNTAPPED COPPER, GOLD, NICKEL, ZINC
AND SILVER RESERVES. ONLY _____ OF THESE RESERVES HAVE BEEN
EXPLORED, AND _____ ARE COVERED BY MINING CONTRACTS.

A

$1 TRILLION
5%
3%

Earth Sci (3 decks)

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