Leisure and Aging Midterm

Question 1

Define Aging

Answer 1

Time Dependent biological process that is not a disease but involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death

Question 2

Chronological Age

Answer 2

How old we are in numbers, the time we have been alive

Question 3

Biological Age

Answer 3

Related to the processes in the body and how they change over time

Question 4

Functional age

Answer 4

Cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness

Question 5

Fertility Rate

Answer 5

Number of live births per year / 1000 women of reproductive age

Question 6

Life expectancy

Answer 6

Length of time someone born in a specific year can expect to live

Question 7

Median Age

Answer 7

Age at which half the population is older and half is younger

Question 8

What does a higher median age mean

Answer 8

Aging population

Question 9

What are the 3 future global trends of aging

Answer 9

1) Birth rate is decreasing in developed countries
2) by 2050 people over 65 will be higher than population of children.
3) We have an aging population

Question 10

What are the challenges with an aging population in a MDC?

Answer 10

• Competition for resources
• dependency ratio more people retired than working
• strain on national budget (healthcare/ pensions)

Question 11

What are the challenges with an aging LDC?

Answer 11

• Poor economies
• rapid societal aging
• urbanization movement of youth

Question 12

According to the model of meaningful leisure what influences leisure

Answer 12

External:
- national government
- national economy
Internal:
- the individual (time, income, leisure knowledge and skills, and leisure participation)

Question 13

What is gerotranscendence

Answer 13

• Release the need for control as part of accepting mortality.
• increased attachment to younger generations
• no fear of death
• self- confrontation
• social and personal relations

Question 14

What is selective optimization with compensation?

Answer 14

Is how older adults adapt to age related losses to maintain quality of life. Selects more meaningful activities, optimizing more restricted number of activities, and compensating strategically for limitations to preserve involvement in preferred activity.

Question 15

What is substitution theory?

Answer 15

Conditions in which one activity may replace another.

- avoids frustration by attempting achievable goals.

Question 16

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 16

• Limited time left to live
• reduce relationships to only those meaningful
• seek satisfaction in present
• keeps with selective optimization theory

Question 17

innovation theory

Answer 17

Adopt new leisure later in life.

- innovation can lead to self-preservation or self-reinvention.

Question 18

Activity Theory

Answer 18

• More activity the happier we are
• more roles = more happy
• social activities outweigh solitary ones

Question 19

What is disengagement theory?

Answer 19

Naturally withdraw from society as we age, prepares individual and society for death, not supported by science

Question 20

Continuity Theory

Answer 20

• Concerned with adaptation not number of activities. People continue with leisure they enjoyed early in life, adapt to situations based on patterns developed in earlier life, does not assume one path for aging.

Question 21

What is free radical theory?

Answer 21

Changes in feel function as a result of damage, mutations and cell damage occurs

Question 22

What is autoimmune theory?

Answer 22

Immune system declines with age, making us less effective at fighting disease

Question 23

Cross-Linkage theory

Answer 23

Cells connect themselves to form cross linkages, accumulation of cross linkages causes aging, cells cant repair fast enough.
Affects collagen and connective tissue

Question 24

Metabolic Theory

Answer 24

Metabolism is directly related to rate of life.

High metabolism = fast aging

Question 25

Explain Normal Aging

Answer 25

• stable across adult years
• declines due to illness with age are expected
• steady declines will occur for all individuals.
• rapid/ acute changes are a result of disease
• we naturally compensate for losses.
• society and culture have an influence on aging.

Question 26

Discuss vascular dementia

Answer 26

Brain’s blood supply is blocked or damaged causing brain cells to be deprived of oxygen and die.
Risk factors- Stroke and TIA
Can lower risk through factors that lower risk of stroke- healthy diet, not smoking, etc
Causes changes in the ability to make decisions, plan, or organize
Difficulty with movement, slow gait and poor balance

Question 27

What are the implication of vascular dementia for TRs

Answer 27

• Responsive behaviours
• Skin Breakdown
• Pacing/purposeful walking

Question 28

What are TR interventions for vascular dementia?

Answer 28

• Sensory stimulation
• Stress reduction
• Leisure time
• Physical exercise
• Routine development
• Validation techniques
• Music therapy
• Plenty of time to complete tasks.

Question 29

Discuss the leadership consideration when planning for the older adult

Answer 29

• Be aware of health issues
• Focus on individual capabilities
• Ensure social interaction
• Offer intergenerational experiences,
• Enable independence
• Introduce new activities
• Treat people with respect

Question 30

What is ageism?

Answer 30

Refers to a complex form of social oppression based on age, similar to prejudice based on race, gender, etc
Includes a set of social relations that discriminate against older people and set them apart as different by defining them in a stereotypical way

Question 31

Discuss the positive effects leisure has on ageism

Answer 31

• Leisure presents the potential to challenge ageism and the self-fulfilling prophecy of underuse of physical and mental abilities in old age
• Highlights personal choice and ability
• Can be individual or collective
• Linked to power relations
• Supports personal empowerment and self worth
• Linked to delayed physiological decline
• Potential for establishment of new stereotypes
• Problematic for people who do not have access, means or desire.

Question 32

Be able to discuss the how leisure is a reinforcement of ageism

Answer 32

• Stereotypes are upheld when people limit their leisure involvement
• Fear that dangers outweighs benefits
• Policies and health professionals
• Promotions of values of youthfulness, competition, fitness and ability
• Idea that there is one path to successful aging.

Question 33

How does ageism impact the health of the older adult?

Answer 33

Seniors with more positive opinions of their own ageing take better care of their health (exercise, eating, routine medical examinations)
Those with positive self-perceptions tend to live longer
Negative stereotypes of being old and aging are challenged through health and fitness promotion.