Legal Framework

Question 1

Certification of aeroplanes: important authorities

Answer 1

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
•USA
•Civil
EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency)
•European Union
•Civil
LBA (Luftfahrtbundesamt)
•Germany 
•Civil

Question 2

advisories

Answer 2

ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
•A specialized agency of the United Nations
•Promotes the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation through out the world
•Sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, and efficiency
IATA (International Air Transport Association)
•Private organization of airlines
•Headquarters located in Montreal, Canada
•Cooperation with ICAO
•Promoting a safe, regular and economical airtransport
•Providing means for collaboration among the airtransport enterprises
•Ca.240 members(airlines)

Question 3

Document structure of CFR Title 14

Answer 3

USA
Title 14 AeronauticsAnd Space
     - Volume 1 bis 5  
            - Chapters
                    -Parts
                          -subparts
Bsp.: CFR Title 14 –Volume 1 –Chapter I –Subchapter CPart 23 and 25

Question 4

Content overview of Part 21, 23 and 25

Answer 4

Part 21 Certification procedures for products and parts
Part 23 Airworthiness standards: Normal, utility, acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes
Part 25 Airworthiness standards: Transport category airplanes

Question 5

Counterparts in Europe:

Answer 5

CS-21, -23 and -25
Commission Regulation (EC) No 748/2012Annex “Part 21”

Question 6

CW-AWO and EU-OPS

Answer 6

European Commission Council Regulation No 3922/91 –„EU-OPS”
Council Regulation on the harmonisation of technical requirements and administrative procedures in the field of civil aviation
- EU-OPS regulates common technical requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial transportation by aeroplane.

European Commission Council Regulation No 859/2008 –„CS-AWO“ (All Weather Operations)
Council Regulation as regards common technical requirements and administrative procedures applicable to commercial transportation by aeroplane
- CS-AWO contains the certification specifications, including airworthiness codes and acceptable means of compliance, for all weather operations.

Question 7

Certification basis: TC, STC, TSO, PTF, SC

Answer 7

• Type Certificate (TC)
• Supplemental Type Certificate (STC)
• Technical Standard Order (TSO/ETSO)
• Permit to Fly (PTF)
• special condition (SC)

Question 8

Important reference documents

Answer 8

• SAE ARP 4754A / EUROCAE ED-79A
“Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems”
• SAE ARP 4761
“Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment“
• RTCA DO-178C / EUROCAE ED-12C
“Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification”
• RTCA DO-254 / EUROCAE ED-80
“Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware”
• RTCA DO-160G
“Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment”

Question 9

Roles of the most important institutions in Germany

Answer 9

BMVI –Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur
- Executive Agencies under Jurisdiction of the BMVI
- LBA –Luftfahrt-Bundesamt: Responsible for maintaining aviation safety standards and certifying airlines, airports, aircrafts and flight crew
- BFU –Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung: Responsible for investigating accidents andserious incidents involving the operation of aircraftin Germany, and for determining and correcting their causes
- BAF –Bundesaufsicht für Flugsicherung: Respond to EU regulations to create a Single European Sky
- DWD –Deutscher Wetterdienst: Provides warnings of weather related dangers, provides forecasting services to ensure the safety of aviation and shipping
Air Traffic Management
EUROCONTROL: Mission: Single European Sky
DFS –Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH: Private company, owned by the Federal Republic of Germany

Question 10

Air Operator Certificate –AOC

Answer 10

„An operator shall not operate an aeroplane for the purpose of commercial air transportation otherwise than under, and in accordance with, the terms and conditions of an Air Operator Certificate (AOC).“

Question 11

Operations Manual Part A, B, C, D

Answer 11

An operator shall ensure that the main structure of the Operations Manual is as follows:
• Part A: General/basic This part shall comprise all non type-related operational policies, instructions and procedures needed for a safe operation.
• Part B: Aeroplaneoperating matters This part shall comprise all type-related instructions and procedures needed for a safe operation. It shall account any differences between types, variants or individual aeroplanesused by the operator.
• Part C: Route and aerodrome instructions and information This part shall comprise all instructions and information needed for the area of operation.
• Part D: TrainingThis part shall comprise all training instructions for personnel required for a safe operation.“

Question 12

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

Answer 12

“Minimum equipment list(MEL)” means a list (including a preamble) which provides for the operation of aircraft, under specified conditions, with particular instruments, items of equipment or functions inoperative at the commencement of flight. This list is prepared by the operator for his own particular aircraft taking account of their aircraft definition and the relevant operational and maintenance conditions in accordance with a procedure approved by the Authority.“