leg, ankle joint, and foot Flashcards
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What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
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Plantarflexes the ankle (talocrural joint)
Flexes the knee joint
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What is the action of the soleus muscle?
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Plantarflexes the ankle (talocrural joint)
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What is the action of the plantaris muscle?
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It has an insignificant role in either plantarflexion of the ankle or flexion of the knee.
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What nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris muscle?
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Tibial nerve
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What is the action of the popliteus muscle?
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Unlocks the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the fixed tibia by 5° (during standing when the knee is fully extended).
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What are the actions of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?
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Plantarflexes the ankle joint
Inverts the foot (subtalar joint)
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 5th toes
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What are the actions of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
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Plantarflexes the ankle joint
Inverts the foot (subtalar joint)
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the big toe
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What are the actions of the tibialis posterior muscle?
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Plantarflexes the ankle joint
Inverts the foot (subtalar joint)
Supports the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
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What nerve supplies all muscles in the deep group (plantarflexors & invertors)?
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tibial nerve
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What is the Tarsal Tunnel?
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A passageway for tendons of the posterior leg muscles and neurovascular structures to run between the leg and foot.
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What forms the roof of the tarsal tunnel?
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The flexor retinaculum.
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Where does the tarsal tunnel run?
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Between the calcaneus and the medial malleolus
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What is the mnemonic for the structures passing through the tarsal tunnel from medial to lateral?
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Tom, Dick And Very Nervous Harry
Tibialis posterior tendon
Digitorm longus tendon
Artery (posterior tibial artery)
Vein (posterior tibial vein)
Nerve (tibial nerve)
Hallucis longus tendon
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What muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
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What is the main action of the fibularis longus and brevis?
Everts the foot (subtalar joint)
Weakly plantarflexes the ankle joint
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What additional function does the Fibularis Longus have?
Supports the transverse arch of the foot
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What is the nerve supply of the lateral compartment?
Superficial fibular nerve
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What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
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What is the main action of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexes the ankle joint
Inverts the foot (subtalar joint)
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What is the main action of the extensor digitorum longus?
Dorsiflexes the ankle joint
Extends metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of 2nd to 5th toes
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What is the main action of the extensor hallucis longus?
Dorsiflexes the ankle joint
Extends metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the big toe
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What is the main action of the fibularis tertius?
Dorsiflexes the ankle joint
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What is the nerve supply of the anterior compartment?
Deep fibular nerve
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What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
The deep fibular nerve
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What nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
The superficial fibular nerve
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What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
The tibial nerve
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What type of joint is the ankle (talocrural) joint?
A hinge-type synovial joint.
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What 3 bones form the ankle (talocrural) joint?
tibia, fibula, and talus.
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What is the function of the malleolar mortise?
It forms a socket into which the pulley-shaped trochlea of the talus fits.
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When is the grip of the malleoli on the trochlea of the talus strongest?
During dorsiflexion.
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What are the main movements of the ankle (talocrural) joint?
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion.
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What is the approximate range of dorsiflexion at the ankle joint?
20-30°.
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What is the approximate range of plantarflexion at the ankle joint?
40-50°
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What is the main joint responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot?
The subtalar joint.
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What type of joint is the talocalcaneal joint?
A synovial plane joint.
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What type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
A synovial ball and socket joint.
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What movements occur at the metatarsophalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction.
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What movements occur at the interphalangeal joints?
Flexion and extension.
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What structure unites the tibia and fibula and contributes to ankle stability?
The interosseous membrane.
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What type of joints are the inferior tibiofibular ligaments classified as?
Fibrous syndesmosis joints.
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What are the two inferior tibiofibular ligaments?
Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
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How many ligaments reinforce the lateral side of the ankle?
3
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what reinforces the stability of ankle joint medially?
The deltoid ligament is a strong, fan-shaped ligament on the medial side of the ankle that stabilizes the joint during eversion.
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What gives the foot its flexibility and ability to absorb shock during movement?
The foot is composed of numerous bones connected by ligaments, allowing it to deform with each ground contact and absorb shock.
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How are the tarsal and metatarsal bones arranged to enhance weight-bearing capabilities?
They are arranged in longitudinal and transverse arches supported by tendons.
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What are the two main functions of the foot arches?
Distribute weight over the foot to act as shock absorbers.
Act as springboards to propel the foot during walking, running, and jumping.
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How do foot arches help in adapting to different surfaces?
They adjust to changes in surface contour, allowing for better stability and balance.
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How is body weight distributed across the foot?
It is divided equally between the calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals.
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What 5 bones form the medial longitudinal arch?
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms, and three metatarsals.
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Which tendons support the medial longitudinal arch?
Tendons of tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior.
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What 3 bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?
Calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral two metatarsals.
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What 3 bones form the transverse arch?
Cuboid, cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals.
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Which tendons support the transverse arch?
Tendons of tibialis posterior and fibularis longus.
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What is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis?
Extends the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 4th toes.
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What is the nerve supply of the extensor digitorum brevis?
Deep fibular nerve.
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What is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis?
Extends the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the extensor digitorium/ hallucis brevis?
Deep fibular nerve.
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What is the action of the flexor digitorum brevis?
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 5th toes.
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What is the nerve supply of the flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial plantar nerve.
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What is the action of the abductor hallucis?
Abducts the great toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the abductor hallucis?
Medial plantar nerve.
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What is the action of the abductor digiti minimi?
Abducts the little toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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Plantar aponeurosis and 1st layer of foot
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Plantar aponeurosis and 1st layer of foot
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Plantar aponeurosis and 1st layer of foot
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Plantar aponeurosis and 1st layer of foot
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What is the action of the quadratus plantae?
Redirects and augments the pull of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL).
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What is the nerve supply of the quadratus plantae?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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What are the actions of the lumbricals (x4)?
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joints of the 2nd to 5th toes.
Extends the interphalangeal joints of the 2nd to 5th toes.
Adducts the 2nd through 5th toes toward the great toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the lumbricals (x4)?
1st lumbrical: Medial plantar nerve.
2nd to 4th lumbricals: Lateral plantar nerve.
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Which tendons are present in the 2nd layer of the foot?
Tendons of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL).
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2nd layer of foot
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2nd layer of foot
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2nd layer of foot
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2nd layer of foot
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What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Flexes the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
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What is the nerve supply of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Medial plantar nerve.
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What is the action of the adductor hallucis?
Adducts the big toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the adductor hallucis?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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What is the action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint of the little toe.
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What is the nerve supply of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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What is the function of the opponens digiti minimi?
Often included with FDMB, pulls the fifth metatarsal slightly in the plantar and medial direction, much like the little finger.
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What is the nerve supply of the opponens digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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3rd layer of foot
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3rd layer of foot
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3rd layer of foot
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3rd layer of foot
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What is the structure and function of the plantar interossei?
Unipennate muscles that adduct the 3rd to 5th toes and assist the lumbricals.
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What is the nerve supply of the plantar interossei?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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What is the structure and function of the dorsal interossei?
Bipennate muscles that abduct the 2nd to 4th toes and assist the lumbricals.
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What is the nerve supply of the dorsal interossei?
Lateral plantar nerve.
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What important tendons are present in the 4th layer of the foot?
tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior.
