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Geography (Human) - 2. Contemporary Urban Environments > Leeds and Rio > Flashcards

Leeds and Rio Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Leeds located? Why is it regionally important? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds is located in West Yorkshire, England. It is 170 miles North of London and North East of Manchester. Leeds is regionally important as it is the largest city in the Yorkshire and Humber area, with jobs for its residents and commuters. Also provides shopping opportunities, leisure activities and is culturally important. Home to one of largest Northern airports.

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2
Q

Why is Leeds nationally important? Why is Leeds internationally important? - Leeds/Rio

A

Nationally - largest legal and financial centre outside of London, 4 universities, 4th largest student population in the country, centre of Northern powerhouse project.
Internationally - has international airport connecting area to the rest of the world, internationally recognisable city, attracts migrants from across the world (particularly Asia and Africa).

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3
Q

Where can suburbanisation/counter-urbanisation/urban resurgence be seen in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Suburbanisation - Alwoodley, Adel, Horsforth
Counter-urbanisation - Wike, Bramhope, Harewood
Urban resurgence - South Bank/Holbeck

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4
Q

What % of Leeds’ population is minority ethnic? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds’ population is 18% minority ethnic.

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5
Q

What class of city is Leeds rated as globally? What does this mean? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds is rated as a ‘high sufficiency’ city, meaning that it provides a large degree of services on its own without being dependent on world cities.

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6
Q

How does physical geography impact the urban morphology of Leeds?

A

Leeds is surrounded by a green belt of land, with this threatened by the need for the area to expand following urban sprawl. The city is largely built around the River Aire, which has previously played a key role in the area’s growth and trade/industry.

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7
Q

What examples of town centre mixed developments/cultural and heritage quarters exist in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Town centre mixed developments: South Bank/Trinity Centre

Cultural and heritage quarter: First Direct Arena, Corn Exchange, Leeds Grand, Opera North, WYPH.

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8
Q

What examples are there of gentrification/fortress developments in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Gentrification: Hyde Park/Headingley (student populations seen house prices rise 30%)
Fortress developments: suburban areas such as Adel, Harewood and Roundhay

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9
Q

What are examples of aspects of Leeds resembling post-modern western cities? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds has expressive architecture such as Bridgwater Place and the Trinity Shopping Centre, its economy revolves around the tertiary/quaternary sector, has high levels of cultural diversity (12.6% of population born outside the UK).

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10
Q

What economic challenges exist in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds has mass discrepancies in wealth between areas such as Horsforth and Beeston, while 150,000 people live in absolute poverty. The average house price is 7x the average Leeds income.

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11
Q

What issues of social segregation exist in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

High concentrations of ethnic minorities in certain areas may cause racial tensions, 11,000 people sought housing assistance from council recently, net loss of 8,000 council houses since 2009.

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12
Q

What issues of cultural diversity exist in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

12% of Leeds’ population born outside of the UK (deepening racial tensions), 22% of primary school children do not speak English as their first language (stretching education budgets).

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13
Q

What % of Beeston and Holbeck’s children live in child poverty? What % of Horsforth’s children do? - Leeds/Rio

A

38% of B+H’s children live in child poverty, compared to 13% in Horsforth.

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14
Q

What is Beeston and Holbeck’s life expectancy? What is Horsforth’s? - Leeds/Rio

A

B+H: 78

Horsforth: 84

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15
Q

What % of houses in Beeston and Holbeck lack central heating? What % of houses lack it in Horsforth? - Leeds/Rio

A

9.4% of houses in B+H lack central heating, compared to 3.3% in Horsforth.

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16
Q

What issues with urban climate are there in Leeds? (Neville Street) - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds city centre is incredibly polluted, with Neville Street the worst polluted street outside of London. Had 2x suggested NO2 limit. Also experiences an urban heat island.

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17
Q

What causes water pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Leeds has water pollution caused by industrial waste from textile/chemical industry, as well as domestic waste due to lack of water treatment in the Aire.

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18
Q

What causes air pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Air pollution in Leeds is caused by vehicle exhausts and wood burners, which produce particulate matter. NO2 is also produced by vehicle exhausts.

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19
Q

What causes dereliction in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

1950s deindustrialisation caused dereliction created by the loss of textile and other heavy industry.

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20
Q

What are impacts of water pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

At times of low rainfall, river could be 70% pollutants and 30% natural water. The oxygen in the river would be starved off by pollutants, creating a terrible smell.

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21
Q

What are impacts of air pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

4.5% of adult deaths in Leeds are associated with air pollution. Adults now 21x more likely to die from particulate matter complications than from road accidents. Neville Street most polluted street outside of London.

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22
Q

What are impacts of dereliction in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Dereliction has created a post-industrial landscape, especially in South Leeds, some buildings have been regenerated. Derelict buildings act as eyesores on the landscape.

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23
Q

What are solutions to water pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

A group called ‘Eye on the Aire’ was formed in the 1980s, made up of 30 local organisations, campaigning for remediation and treatment of river by Yorkshire Water.

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24
Q

What are solutions to air pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

A clean air charging zone has been introduced, with £50 charge on heavily polluting vehicles travelling within the outer Leeds Ring Road. Free trials of electric vehicles have been introduced, while public/active transport schemes have been invested in.

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25
Q

What solutions are there to dereliction in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Regeneration of previously derelict sites such as Brewery Wharf has taken place. Furthermore, the Tetley has also been regenerated to create a community hub. Brownfield sites are being redeveloped to improve environmental quality.

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26
Q

What positives and negatives are there of solutions to combat water pollution in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Positives: water quality has improved since 1980s, wildlife (otters, herons, salmon) returned to the river, increased investment in areas which have become de-polluted.
Negatives: remediation and treatment cost millions of pounds, people continue to submerge waste in the river with a plastic island developing in the river.

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27
Q

What positives and negatives exist of air pollution solutions in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Positives: one of first cities outside of London to introduce clean air zone, local authority continuing to invest in quality public transport.
Negatives: 4.5% of adult deaths continue to be linked to pollution in Leeds, clean air zone DELAYED (reducing effectiveness), Neville Street heavily polluted.

28
Q

What are positives and negatives of solutions to dereliction in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

Positives: derelict land is being redeveloped into new offices, residences and recreational facilities, with this promoting a multiplier effect in redeveloped areas. Redeveloped areas also hosting community events.
Negatives: mass dereliction still exists, with Crown Point Road an example of this. Regeneration creates fears of outsider intrusion in areas.

29
Q

How is housing inequality being solved in Leeds? - Leeds/Rio

A

200,000 council house repairs took place in 2018/19 in Leeds, 300 council houses are built annually, energy efficiency measures are being established with houses retrofitted, costing £1bn.

30
Q

Where is Rio located? What is Rio’s World City level? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio is located in South East Brazil in the continent of South America. The city is on the Atlantic coast. Favelas are marginalised at the city’s edge. The city is a Beta Level World City.

31
Q

Where has suburbanisation occurred in Rio? Where has urban resurgence occurred in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Suburbanisation has occurred in Rio in Barra di Tijuca. Urban resurgence has occurred in the West Zone in Rio, close to the 2016 Olympic Park.

32
Q

How is Rio regionally important? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio has a rising employment rate, with 5 industrial districts providing jobs for people. It also has the Tijuca National Park in the North.

33
Q

How is Rio nationally important? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio is home to Brazilian and foreign companies, such as Santander. It produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP, attracts 25% of Brazil’s FDI. It exports $7.49bn worth of goods annually.

34
Q

How is Rio internationally important? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio is internationally important as it is home to 5 ports, hosted the 2014 and 2016 World Cup and Olympics, attracts tourists due to beaches and landmarks such as Christ the Redeemer.

35
Q

How does physical geography impact Rio’s urban morphology? - Leeds/Rio

A

Steeper and more unstable landscapes are used for construction of informal housing whilst flat land is used for higher value retail and high quality housing. Rio revolves around its beaches and ports on the coast.

36
Q

Describe Rio’s spatial patterns of land use in its North and Centro zones - Leeds/Rio

A

The North is its main industrial hub (containing ports, football stadiums etc). Centro Zone has heritage and cultural links with a cathedral, as well as services.

37
Q

Describe Rio’s spatial patterns of land use in its South and West zones - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio’s South is socially and economically polarised as it has contrasts between the Rocinha Favela and the wealthy Copacabana area. The West is also an industrial area with Campo Grande, although urban resurgence has taken place here.

38
Q

Where has gentrification been seen in Rio? Where have fortress developments been seen in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio has seen gentrification in Vidigal, where speculators have bought up cheap property in an area that was dominated by crime. Fortress developments exist in Rio’s South and West zones. Barra di Tijuca and some areas of Copacabana Beach are the most expensive in South America.

39
Q

Where is an Edge City seen in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

An Edge City can be seen in Barra di Tijuca, which has grown rapidly with a middle class population. Luxury retail and services such as restaurants and entertainment exist here.

40
Q

Rio’s poorest 50% earns the same as Rio’s richest x%? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio’s poorest 50% earns only 13% of Rio’s overall income, the same as the richest 1% earn. Major inequalities between South Zone and North/West Zone where Favela settlements are found.

41
Q

What issues of social segregation exist in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

1000 favelas exist in Rio which segregate on economic basis. Major differences between social groups and their locations.

42
Q

What issues of cultural/racial segregation exist in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Rio’s South Zone is 80% white, yet the city as a whole is 50% black or mixed race. Major discrepancy between concentration of certain ethnicities in certain areas, with white populations tending to reside in wealthier areas, whereas black/mixed race groups marginalised into favela communities.

43
Q

What issues of housing exist in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

1000 favelas (informal settlements) exist in Rio, with houses built using unstable materials in an illegal fashion. Limited infrastructure in these areas and are built on steep slopes.

44
Q

What % of favelas have no running water? What % have no electricity? What % have no sewage connections? - Leeds/Rio

A

12% of favelas have no running water.
30% of favelas have no electricity.
50% of favelas have no sewage connections.

45
Q

What issues of health exist in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

40% of Rio’s population cannot access a family health clinic, infant mortality rate is high in favelas, life expectancy is in the 50s, waste accumulates in streets or is burnt (producing hazardous gases).

46
Q

What issues of education exist in Rio? What efforts are being made to combat this? - Leeds/Rio

A

Only 50% of all children continue in education beyond 14, with shortages of education provisions being a major problem. Authorities have given grants to poor families to encourage education, while Rocinha Favela has opened a university and made money available for free lessons.

47
Q

What issues are there with employment within Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Favelas have an unemployment rate of 20%, with much of the work going on in these areas done in the informal economy. They do not have formal contracts, they do not pay taxes to the government and do not receive insurance or benefits.

48
Q

What is the policy of pacification? What issue was it introduced to solve? - Leeds/Rio

A

The policy of pacification is a 2 stage process used to drive out criminal gangs from favelas, before establishing social services in these areas. This aimed to solve issues of drugs and crime in Rio.

49
Q

What are successes and failures of the pacification policy in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Successes: reduction in violent crime in pacified favelas, new services established, unemployment lower in pacified areas, property prices increased.
Failures: only 30 favelas have been successfully pacified, crime and corruption still widespread, rent rises have pushed poorer families from pacified favelas.

50
Q

Describe the cable car policy in Complexo de Alemao. What issue did this aim to solve? - Leeds/Rio

A

Complexo de Alemao’s cable car was a transport method across the favela that cut transport times across the Favela from 2 hours to 15 minutes. This aimed to improve people’s access to work by providing free journeys for residents daily.

51
Q

What were successes and failures of the cable car in Complexo de Alemao? - Leeds/Rio

A

Successes: transport times have been cut from 2 hours to 15 minutes, 9,000 people used it daily, community hubs with medical and social services established at stations.
Failures: cable car costly to run, with it expensive to repair and maintain. The scheme fell into disrepair and has not been used since, arguably being a poor use of funds.

52
Q

What was the Campo Grande settlement policy? What issue was it aiming to solve? - Leeds/Rio

A

The Campo Grande settlement policy was a new settlement of 800 houses introduced 90 minutes from the city centre after a favela had been destroyed to make way for Olympic settlements and facilities. Aimed to solve issues of poor quality housing.

53
Q

What were successes/failures of the Campo Grande resettlement policy? - Leeds/Rio

A

Successes: 800 new houses built to relocate people, better quality housing with improved sanitation, clean water and electricity.
Failures: lacks a sense of community, distant from the city centre so residents have lost jobs, lacks child/healthcare facilities.

54
Q

What is the Favela Bairro Project? What issue was this aiming to solve? - Leeds/Rio

A

The Favela Bairro Project is a Favela improvement policy, aiming to solve issues such as poor sanitation, lack of power, poor water quality, lack of facilities and unstable housing.

55
Q

What are successes and failures of the Favela Bairro project? - Leeds/Rio

A

Successes: has seen 73 favelas improved, benefiting 250,000 people, provided child/health/addiction services in favelas, employment training schemes, improved living environment.
Failures: isolated to a fraction of favelas, still very difficult to maintain.

56
Q

What are causes of water pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

In Rio, open sewers run into rivers, high levels of industrial waste are discharged into watercourses, ships empty fuel tanks into harbours, PETROBAS OIL SPILL has damaged condition of water.

57
Q

What are causes of air pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Heavy traffic congestion and vehicle pollution from exhausts has created poor air quality, Atlantic mists mix with vehicle exhausts and pollutants creating poor visibility.

58
Q

What are causes of dereliction in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Deindustrialisation of heavy industry has created derelict industrial units, while ex-colonial housing has been abandoned by those wishing to live in more modern housing.

59
Q

What are the impacts of water pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Guanabara Bay has become highly polluted, with fishing also declining by 90% in 20 years. Beaches and Rio’s tourist industry threatened, major threat to wildlife. EUTROPHICATION TAKING PLACE IN GUANABARA BAY.

60
Q

What are the impacts of air pollution in Rio? (Deaths/climactic conditions) - Leeds/Rio

A

Air pollution causes 5000 DEATHS PER YEAR, the city is often covered in smog.

61
Q

What are the impacts of dereliction in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Derelict buildings are being used for squatting as favela residents are forced out by rising rents, Brazilian economic crisis has caused homelessness and squatting, Olympic locations are now in disrepair as derelict structures, regeneration stopped due to economic crisis.

62
Q

What are solutions to water pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

12 new sewage works have been built since 2004, 5km of pipes installed in badly polluted areas, greater environmental regulations introduced to reduce sewage/effluent/oil presence in Guanabara Bay. Overseas aid also used to diminish presence of water pollution.

63
Q

What are solutions to air pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

14km long Rio-Niteroi Bridge and 21km expressway introduced to reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. Coastal roads have been made one-way during rush hour to manage traffic. Metro system extended to 5 lines to reduce emissions. Bike sharing system introduced.

64
Q

What are solutions to dereliction in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Squatting has been organised by local social movements to prevent it from being disorganised.

65
Q

What are positives and negatives of solutions to water pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Positives: 12 sewerage works created since 2004, 5km of new sewage pipes looking to manage scale of problem.
Negatives: Guanabara Bay and Rio’s watercourses still heavily polluted. Only 1/3 of Guanabara Bay’s pollution is treated.

66
Q

What are positives and negatives of solutions to air pollution in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Positives: Rio-Niteroi bridge and 21km expressway have reduced pollution levels, public transport and active transport encouraged.
Negatives: Rio-Niteroi bridge does lead to heavy congestion at rush hour, 5,000 deaths/year is a major issue for Rio, public transport safety concerns lead to low usage.

67
Q

What are negatives of solutions to dereliction in Rio? - Leeds/Rio

A

Few strategies or efforts have been made to reduce dereliction in Rio, while homelessness has been increased due to economic crises, rising rents. Little done to reduce homelessness and squatting.

Geography (Human) - 2. Contemporary Urban Environments (10 decks)

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