Lecutre 1(Basic Mendelian Genetics

Question 1

What does mendellian genetics deal with?

Answer 1

They deal with basic principles of heredity and also deal with arrangement of chromosomes, and genes.

Question 2

what is heredity?

Answer 2

It deals with how traits are passed from generation to generation

Question 3

What are alleles

Answer 3

Alleles are different versions of genes

Question 4

genotype:

Answer 4

Gentoype is exact very of genes that an organism has.

Question 5

what did people believe in before Mendel?

Answer 5

Inheritance of acquired characteristics, and Blending Inheritance

Question 6

Inheritance of acquired characteristics:

Answer 6

They are traits that parents have that can be given to children

Question 7

Blending Inheritance:

Answer 7

offspring are a mixture of potential traits/ genetic material blends

Question 8

What type of plant did Mendel use?

Answer 8

He chose a plant that is annual, naturally self ferttilize, and could also have sexual rpdocuts removed so it could manually be fertilized

Question 9

What is an annual plant

Answer 9

It grows from see in spring, makes flowers, is fertilized, sets seed and then parent dies.

Question 10

What does naturally self fertilizing mean?

Answer 10

The pollen falls on the stigma of the flower before the flower even opens, ensuring that the seeds (peas) have the parent plant as both mother and father.

Question 11

What is cross fertilization

Answer 11

Manually fertilizing a plant that can be done by transferring polled with a paint brush and therefor can run experiments doing this.

Question 12

How do plants fertilize?

Answer 12

Plants could self fertilize because they had anthers, but anthers could be removed and cross fertilization (manual feritlization)

Question 13

What is parent generation called?

Answer 13

PO

Question 14

What are the first offsprings called?

Answer 14

F1 generation

Question 15

What were critical methods employed by Mendel

Answer 15

He used pure breeding strain, selected dichotomous traits, quantified results, and also use of replicate, reciprocal, and test crosses

Question 16

what does pure bred mean?

Answer 16

Which mean a pure lineage and no mixing of other traits

Question 17

What does true breeding mean?

Answer 17

It is a genetic term used for organism that when self fertilized or bred with another of the same type, produce offspring with the same trait over generations

Question 18

Dichotomous traits:

Answer 18

This means that the trait had only two alternative phenotypes

Question 19

Continuous variability:

Answer 19

It means a range of phenotypes with gradual variation.

Question 20

What were Mendel’s observation after the first cross:

Answer 20

Traits were determined by factors that are intwo forms, Traits that appeared F1 are dominant and the disappeared traits were recessive

Question 21

What type of traits did he study

Answer 21

monogeneic traits, and traits that did not show linkage in crosses.

Question 22

What does monogenic mean

Answer 22

Traits controlled by only a single gene

Question 23

What was the F2 experiment?

Answer 23

It was the result of crossing the F1 with smooth sees

Question 24

What were the results of the F2 experiment?

Answer 24

the results were that the F2 show cases dominant traits however but some showed recessive phenotype, and therefor the recessive gene never actually disappeared. The quantification for the F2 results were (3:1)(dominant: recessive)

Question 25

What was Mendel’s experiment result from self fertilizing? F2

Answer 25

From the 4 results he obtained 1/4 plants with pods containing round F3 seeds, 3/4 gave plants with both round and wrinkled peas and 1/4 gave only wrinkled.

Question 26

What was Mendel’s first law?

Answer 26

Mendel’s first law was the law of segregation

Question 27

What does the law of segregation state?

Answer 27

It states that two alleles for each trait will separate from one another during gamete formation and each allele will have an equal probability of inclusion in a gamete, Random union of gametes at fertilization will unite one gamete from each parent to produce progeny in ratios that are determined by chance/

Question 28

are true breeding parents homozygous or heterozygous

Answer 28

homozygousm and they only make one type of gamete

Question 29

What does Mendel’s first law allow us to do?

Answer 29

It allows us to predict that F1 progeny from the true breeding-parents would all have a heterozygous genotype and dominant phenotype.

Question 30

What did Mendel’s model consist of?

Answer 30

Each organism gets one copy of the gene from its mother, and one from its father, Dipoloid parents produce haploid gamete(reproductive cells: sperm, eggs, pollen, etc) that have only one copy of gene, The chance that a gamete will contain one allele or the other is random, Two gametes join together to make a new organism with two copies of the gene again (diploid), and Blending of the factors does not accur, they stay the same across generations.

Question 31

What is a test cross?

Answer 31

crossing a strain with the dominant phenotype(but unknown genotype) with a control that is homozygous for the recessive allele.

Question 32

what is a dihybrid cross

Answer 32

two traits crosses

Question 33

how did Mendel perform a dihybrid cross?

Answer 33

he cross fertilized the parents and got F1 with both dominant traits, then self-fertilized the F1, he found the four classes F2 progeny.

Question 34

What results did he get from dihybrid crosses

Answer 34

Each trait gave a ration of 3:1 ratio of domiant to recessive in the F2 and each trait still behaved normally would, independent of the other.

Question 35

What is Mendel’s second law:

Answer 35

Law of independent assortment

Question 36

What are the rule of probability theory?

Answer 36

The rule of independent events, The sum rule, and the product rule

Question 36

law of independent assortment

Answer 36

It stemmed from the dihbrid cross result that gave 9:3:3:1 ratio, and the law stated that during gamete formation, the segregation of two alleles of one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles of another gene. The bheavior of the two traits in dihybird corsses was perfectly explained by treating the as two independently segregating traits present in the same offspring.

Question 37

The sum rule:

Answer 37

The change of an event occuring when that event occurs two or more different ways is equal to the sum of probabilities of each event

Question 37

rule of independent events

Answer 37

Past event have no influence on future events.

Question 38

The product rule:

Answer 38

The chance that two or more independent events will occur together is equal to the product of the probabilities of each event.

Question 39

What is chi square analysis?

Answer 39

It is a test used to determine if chance alone acccounts for observed differences, or is something else might be going on.

Question 40

The Null hypotheesis is:

Answer 40

there is no difference between the observed results and the expected results, Any variation is due to chance

Question 41

What si the equation for chi squre

Answer 41

x^2= ((observed - expected) ^2) / expected

Question 42

What is degree of freedom?

Answer 42

It is the calculated as the one less than the number of possible results in your experiment.

Question 43

The probability value

Answer 43

indicate the variance between observed results and expected results would occur from random chance alone about X*100% of the time, and the P value is less than 5% as the cutoff for accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.

Question 44

When do you reject the null hypthoesis and when do you accept?

Answer 44

If the percentage is less than 5% you reject the null hypothesis, and if the percentage is greater you accept the null hypothesis