Lectures Flashcards
What is interesting about the definition of health?
That most scientists cannot agree on a definition of health so there are multiple.
What are some common factors that affect health?
Biology, the environment, social economic & cultural factors and lifestyle & behaviour.
What is DALY and what does it stand for?
DALY stands for “Disability Adjusted Life Lost” and it is the total sum of the time (life) lost for those with a disability. Disability being any form of illness or disease, it may be a mental illness or a chronic disease for example.
What is YLL and what does it stand for?
YLL stands for “Years of Life Lost (due to death)” and it is how many years of life lost to death. For example if someone past away at 12 but they should have on average lived to around 70 they would have lost 58 years due to death.
What is YLD and what does it stand for?
YLD stands for “Years lived with a disability” and it means how long someone dealt with a disability before either 1. passing away or 2. Losing that disability.
When looking at health as a New Zealander, why should we care about health globally?
Because health in other countries can either impact, change or help our health in NZ. Examples include: Human rights laws and public goods, the spread of illness, globalization and development and security and diplomacy.
What are the 3 Lay (Layers of answers) of health?
- Health is not being ill or having disease
- Health is having the capacity to meet life’s obligations
- Health is a sense of well-being expressed in physical and mental terms.
What is the McKeown thesis?
“In a body of research published from the 1950s
to the 1980s, the physician and demographic
historian Thomas McKeown put forth the view
that the growth in population in the industrialized
world from the late 1700s to the present was due
not to life-saving advancements in the field of
medicine or public health, but instead to
improvements in overall standards of living,
especially diet and nutritional status, resulting from
better economic conditions.”
What are proximal causes of disease?
Proximal causes represent an immediate vulnerability for a particular condition or event. Some examples of proximal risk factors are ongoing abuse, having difficulties because of a physical impairment or injury, poor academic or work performance, and stressful life events
What are the distal causes of disease?
Distal causes are causes that represents an underlying vulnerability for a particular condition or event. This does not predict that the condition or event will definitely happen or that it will happen any time soon, but rather that a person may be at risk for the condition at some time in the future. Such as a a risk of heart disease in a person.
At what levels can we intervene in health?
Downstream, Midstream, and Upstream.
What is the Lalonde report?
The four key aspects to health which as the following: Biology, environment, health care, and lifestyle.
What does ‘Downstream’ mean?
It is a downstream intervention of health. This means we are working to change or diminish the effects of the causes. Such as providing rehab for someone with a drug addiction.
What does ‘Midstream’ mean?
It is a midstream intervention of health, this means we are working to change the causes. For example provide educational resources about drug addiction to prevent the amount of people having drug addictions.
What does the ‘Upstream’ mean?
It is a upstream intervention of health, this means we are working to diminish the causes of the causes. For example drug addiction could be a consequence of lack of jobs or increase in poverty, therefore upstream intervention would be increasing jobs and making law changes to help decrease poverty.
Why is it hard to study and investigate how changes in health impact populations?
Because people lie about their situations and the study may be hard to back up with true evidence.
What are conservative strategies?
Encouraging people to take individual responsibility of their health.
What are radical strategies?
Challenging the state and advocating major social change in health.
What is the Ottawa charter for health promotion?
The Ottawa Charter is a global health milestone, and remains a vital reference for health promotion. The Charter identifies five components of health promotion action and prerequisites for health, including peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity
What are the ‘Social determinants of health’?
The social determinants of health (SDH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems
include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems.
What are some examples of Social Determinants of Health (SDH)?
Childhood experiences, Housing, Education, Social support, Family income, Employment, Communities, Access to health services.
What is the stress response in health?
The stress response, or “fight or flight” response is the emergency reaction system of the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes physical and thought responses to your perception of various situations.
What is the difference between acute or chronic stress?
Acute stress is short-term stress. Chronic stress is long-term stress.
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect relationships?
Direct is when your human physiology impacts your health. And Indirect is when your coping mechanisms and what you prioritise impacts your health.