Lectures Flashcards
What is interesting about the definition of health?
That most scientists cannot agree on a definition of health so there are multiple.
What are some common factors that affect health?
Biology, the environment, social economic & cultural factors and lifestyle & behaviour.
What is DALY and what does it stand for?
DALY stands for “Disability Adjusted Life Lost” and it is the total sum of the time (life) lost for those with a disability. Disability being any form of illness or disease, it may be a mental illness or a chronic disease for example.
What is YLL and what does it stand for?
YLL stands for “Years of Life Lost (due to death)” and it is how many years of life lost to death. For example if someone past away at 12 but they should have on average lived to around 70 they would have lost 58 years due to death.
What is YLD and what does it stand for?
YLD stands for “Years lived with a disability” and it means how long someone dealt with a disability before either 1. passing away or 2. Losing that disability.
When looking at health as a New Zealander, why should we care about health globally?
Because health in other countries can either impact, change or help our health in NZ. Examples include: Human rights laws and public goods, the spread of illness, globalization and development and security and diplomacy.
What are the 3 Lay (Layers of answers) of health?
- Health is not being ill or having disease
- Health is having the capacity to meet life’s obligations
- Health is a sense of well-being expressed in physical and mental terms.
What is the McKeown thesis?
“In a body of research published from the 1950s
to the 1980s, the physician and demographic
historian Thomas McKeown put forth the view
that the growth in population in the industrialized
world from the late 1700s to the present was due
not to life-saving advancements in the field of
medicine or public health, but instead to
improvements in overall standards of living,
especially diet and nutritional status, resulting from
better economic conditions.”
What are proximal causes of disease?
Proximal causes represent an immediate vulnerability for a particular condition or event. Some examples of proximal risk factors are ongoing abuse, having difficulties because of a physical impairment or injury, poor academic or work performance, and stressful life events
What are the distal causes of disease?
Distal causes are causes that represents an underlying vulnerability for a particular condition or event. This does not predict that the condition or event will definitely happen or that it will happen any time soon, but rather that a person may be at risk for the condition at some time in the future. Such as a a risk of heart disease in a person.
At what levels can we intervene in health?
Downstream, Midstream, and Upstream.
What is the Lalonde report?
The four key aspects to health which as the following: Biology, environment, health care, and lifestyle.
What does ‘Downstream’ mean?
It is a downstream intervention of health. This means we are working to change or diminish the effects of the causes. Such as providing rehab for someone with a drug addiction.
What does ‘Midstream’ mean?
It is a midstream intervention of health, this means we are working to change the causes. For example provide educational resources about drug addiction to prevent the amount of people having drug addictions.
What does the ‘Upstream’ mean?
It is a upstream intervention of health, this means we are working to diminish the causes of the causes. For example drug addiction could be a consequence of lack of jobs or increase in poverty, therefore upstream intervention would be increasing jobs and making law changes to help decrease poverty.
Why is it hard to study and investigate how changes in health impact populations?
Because people lie about their situations and the study may be hard to back up with true evidence.
What are conservative strategies?
Encouraging people to take individual responsibility of their health.
What are radical strategies?
Challenging the state and advocating major social change in health.
What is the Ottawa charter for health promotion?
The Ottawa Charter is a global health milestone, and remains a vital reference for health promotion. The Charter identifies five components of health promotion action and prerequisites for health, including peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity
What are the ‘Social determinants of health’?
The social determinants of health (SDH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems
include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems.
What are some examples of Social Determinants of Health (SDH)?
Childhood experiences, Housing, Education, Social support, Family income, Employment, Communities, Access to health services.
What is the stress response in health?
The stress response, or “fight or flight” response is the emergency reaction system of the body. It is there to keep you safe in emergencies. The stress response includes physical and thought responses to your perception of various situations.
What is the difference between acute or chronic stress?
Acute stress is short-term stress. Chronic stress is long-term stress.
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect relationships?
Direct is when your human physiology impacts your health. And Indirect is when your coping mechanisms and what you prioritise impacts your health.
What is the ‘Allostatic’ load?
Allostatic load is “the wear and tear on the body” which accumulates as an individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress.
True or False? The relationship between social determinants and health status is often multidirectional.
True for example poor financial status will cause stress which causes poor mental health. But poor mental health will lead to less productivity which leads to a poor financial status.
Explain the factors for how housing is a social determinant of health.
A house which is hard to heat can cause asthma. A house which has bad air pollution can cause respiratory problems. A house which is overcrowded can cause mental health issues. A house which has financial difficulties can cause mental health issues.
What is energy poverty?
Energy poverty is lack of access to modern energy services. According to the Energy Poverty Action initiative of the World Economic Forum, “Access to energy is fundamental to improving quality of life and is a key imperative for economic development.
What is Health Psychology?
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness, and healthcare.
What are the 3 aspects of health psychology that are studied?
- How do people stay healthy, 2. Why do people become Ill, 3. How do people respond when they get ill
Why is place/location important for understanding health?
As the environment and exposures of a place/location can impact an individuals health such as living is a polluted city may increase an individual’s chances of developing asthma.
What are some physical environmental influences on health and illness?
Air & Water quality, green/blue space, and exposure.
What are some social environmental influences to do with location on health and illness?
Social and cultural norms around health related behaviours (diet/drinking), Peer pressure and social learning, access to resources.
What are 2 of the things health geography address?
The difference in air pollution between areas and the accessibility of health services in different locations.
What is the lancet?
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal. It is among the world’s oldest, most prestigious, and best known general medical journals.
When talking about health geography what does composition mean?
Characteristics of people in particular places that influence health.
When talking about health geography what does context mean?
Characteristics of places that have independent influences on health incomes
Out of composition and context what best fits this statement: An area that has a younger population tends to be a healthier area
Composition
Out of composition and context what best fits this statement: An area with higher rates of pollution tends to be an unhealthier area
Context
What is the map by John Snow?
John Snow is viewed by many as a pioneer in disease mapping. For the 1854 cholera outbreak in London’s Broad Street region, he presented two maps. After careful investigation, including plotting cases of cholera on a map of the area, Snow was able to identify a water pump in Broad (now Broadwick) Street as the source of the disease.
How do we measure exposure?
By distance, exposure (location), and time (for example pollution in a certain area over time).
True or False, It is very easy to map social exposure.
False, It is very hard.
What are the ‘3 biggest challenges in life’?
Nature, other people, and self.
What is tikanga maori?
Tikanga is a Māori concept with a wide range of meanings — culture, custom, ethic, etiquette, fashion, formality, lore, manner, meaning, mechanism, method, protocol, style. Generally taken to mean “the Māori way of doing things”
What is Enculturation?
the process whereby individuals learn their group’s culture, through experience, observation, and instruction.
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is used in social sciences and anthropology to describe the act of judging another culture and believing that the values and standards of one’s own culture are superior
What is acculturation?
Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment.
What are comorbid conditions?
Having multiple conditions that usually relate or cause others.
What does comorbidity mean?
Comorbidity refers to one or more diseases or conditions that occur along with another condition in the same person at the same time. 1 Conditions considered comorbidities are often long-term or chronic conditions.
What are SES groups?
Groups of social economic status
What are the potential errors when dealing with patient symptoms?
- Deciding a symptom is not important when it is or 2. Deciding a symptom is important when its not.
What is the 3 stage process of dealing with symptoms?
- Becoming aware of sensations. 2. Interpreting sensations 3. Planning and action.
What can change the nature of a symptom between individuals?
- Their focus of attention, 2. Individual differences such as gender and coping styles, 3. Mood, and 4. Stress
True or False? Positive and negative moods can have an effect on how you process symptoms.
True
True or False? Stress aggravates the experience of symptoms.
True
What is medical students disease?
a condition frequently reported in medical students, who perceive themselves to be experiencing the symptoms of a disease that they are studying. The condition is associated with the fear of contracting the disease in question.
What is health psychology?
Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. It is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness.
What is mass psychological illness?
Mass psychogenic illness is when people in a group start feeling sick at the same time even though there is no physical or environmental reason for them to be sick. They could think they’ve been exposed to something dangerous, like a germ or a toxin (poison)
