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Foundations In Neuroscience > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What features do synaptic number and strength underlie?

A

Processing sensory information
Motor circuits
Memory formation
Synaptic plasticity

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2
Q

According to what features can neurones be grouped?

A 
Shape
Electrical activity 
Gene expression profile
Neurotransmitter 
Connectivity
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3
Q

Cells that wrap myelin sheath around neuron

A

Oligodendrocytes

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4
Q

Cells that act like the immune cells of the brain

A

Microglia

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5
Q

Maintain neural energy balance, buffer and provide nutrition

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

Line ventricles of the brain and secrete CSF

A

Epindymal cells

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7
Q

Glue. Provide tropic support, modulate electrical output of neurones and protect them from external factors

A

Glia

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8
Q

What are the components of a tripartite synapse?

A

Presynaptic terminal, post synaptic spine and astrocyte process (glia)

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9
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the tripartite synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter recycling, release of gliotransmitters eg d serine or ATP and to ensheath

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10
Q

Which cells carry out synaptic pruning and how?

A

Microglia

They remodel dendritic spines, changing the cell input

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11
Q

What process to robo and slit control?

A

Midline crossing

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12
Q

What ligand binds robo?

A

Slit ligand (chemorepellant)

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13
Q

What direction do axons expressing high robo grow and why?

A

Grow longitudinally as there repelled by slit

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14
Q

Which direction do axons expressing low robo grow and why?

A

They cross the midline as they are attracted to it

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15
Q

What happens after axons cross the midline?

A

Robo is upregulated and they continue to grow longitudinally on the contralateral side

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16
Q

What morphagen allows development of the dorso ventral axis?

A

Sonic hedgehog

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17
Q

What structure secretes sonic hedgehog?

A

The notochord

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18
Q

What does a reduced production of Shh by the notochord lead to?

A

More dorsal interneurons form further from the notochord

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19
Q

What determines the formation of the anterio posterior axis?

A

Hox gene expression

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20
Q

What is the brainstem said to be divided into (physical segmentation)?

A

Rhombomeres

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21
Q

What controls peripheral axon projection?

A

Neurophilin receptors and semaphorin ligands

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22
Q

What is repelled by semaphorin ligands?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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23
Q

What binds NRP1?

A

SEMA 3A

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24
Q

What binds NRP2?

A

SEMA 3F

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25
Q

What ligand binds EPh receptors?

A

Ephrin

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26
Q

What two things are expressed in complementary gradients in the retina and tectum, showing complimentary gradients of guidance cues?

A

EPh receptors and ephrin ligands

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27
Q

Where are axons from the temporal retina directed?

A

Anterior tectum

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28
Q

Where are axons from the nasal retina directed?

A

Posterior tectum

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29
Q

What is the complementary gradients of guidance cues between the retina and tectum an example of?

A

Topographic mapping within the nervous system

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30
Q

What are the advantages of phase contrast microscopy?

A

Only requires low illumination
No labelling required
Cheap

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31
Q

What are the disadvantages of phase contrast microscopy?

A

Can’t automate image analysis

Can only distinguish between structures with high contrast

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32
Q

What are the advantages of fluorescent wide field microscopy?

A

Increased discrimination and temporal resolution when compared to phase contrast

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of wide field fluorescent microscopy?

A

High illumination required.

Limited depth of information

34
Q

What are the advantages of confocal fluorescent microscopy?

A

3D image
Even higher discrimination than phase contrast and wide field fluorescent microscopy
Allows image analysis
Can be done in living cell

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of confocal fluorescent microscopy?

A

Expensive

High illumination and long acquisition time required

36
Q

How can mouse models be used in neuroscience?

A

Their cortex forms layers like ours, meaning that higher brain function can be studied

37
Q

How can frogs be used as animal models in neuroscience?

A

Can be used to study robo/ slit guidance cues.

This is a good model to show the brain stem and early projections

38
Q

How can flies be used as animal models in neuroscience?

A

Drosophila have many common neurotransmitters with humans, and can be used to study how the nervous system is wired up and modelling of human diseases.

39
Q

How can chick embryos be used as animal models in neuroscience?

A

You don’t require a home office license to work with chick embryos, as it is considered ethical.
Minimal husbandry costs and good for modelling early neuronal development, as this is highly conserved.
Also good for studying visual system for the same reason, and that they have large eyes

40
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A drug that binds the receptor keeping it in the R* state/ has a higher affinity for R* state

41
Q

What is an inverse agonist?

A

Has a higher affinity for the R state than the R* state

42
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Doesn’t directly have higher/ lower affinity for the R/R* state, but binds to the receptor in competition with the agonist/ inverse agonist, reducing its effect

43
Q

What type of drug allows full receptor saturation?

A

Full agonist

44
Q

What type of drug binds to the receptor but won’t cause full saturation?

A

Partial agonist

45
Q

What type of drug competes with the agonist to prevent binding but has no downstream effect?

A

Neutral antagonist

46
Q

What type of drug has a higher affinity for the R state, reducing the number of receptors in the active fraction?

A

Inverse agonist

47
Q

What type of binds do irreversible antagonists form?

A

Covalent

48
Q

By what mechanism does an irreversible antagonist prevent agonist binding?

A

Causes a conformational change. It is capable of lowering receptor efficacy, as the antagonist remains bound until the receptor is internalised and recycled

49
Q

How well the drug binds the receptor

A

Affinity

50
Q

How well the drug, once bound to the receptor elicits a response

A

Efficacy

51
Q

A measure of the amount of drug required to elicit a response of a give intensity

A

Potency

52
Q

What is an allosteric modulator?

A

Drug that binds alternative (allosteric) site & alters signalling

53
Q

What is the role of a positive allosteric modulator?

A

Binds to the allosteric site and enhances signalling by increasing binding or efficacy of the orthosteric agonist

54
Q

What is the role of a negative allosteric modulator?

A

Binds to the allosteric site reducing signalling by decreasing agonist binding or efficacy at the orthosteric site

55
Q

What is the role of a neutral allosteric modulator?

A

Bids the allosteric site but leads to unaltered signalling

56
Q

How do allosteric modulators modulate drug efficacy?

A

They can alter conformation of the receptor

57
Q

How do allosteric modulators alter the drug affinity for the receptor?

A

They make binding more or less difficult

58
Q

Define a neurotransmitter

A

Biochemical that mediates fast acting direct communication between 2 neurones - pre and post synaptic

59
Q

Define neuromodulator

A

Biochemical that modulates activity of neurones and neuronal networks by changing the ability of neurones to respond to neurotransmitters.
Can act at sites remote from where they’re synthesised

60
Q

True or false some neurotransmitters can act as neuromodulators

A

True

61
Q

Name some examples of amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate (+)
Aspartate (+)
GABA (-)
Glycine (+/-)

62
Q

What type of receptors are NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors?

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptors

63
Q

GABAa, nicotinic AChR and 5HT3 are examples of what type of receptor?

A

Ligand gated ion channels (ionotropic)

64
Q

Which two receptors are allosterically modulated by an Mg2+ block?

A

NMDA and GABAa

65
Q

How are group 1, 2 and 3 GPCRs coupled?

A

Group 1 = Gq
Group 2 = Gi/Go
Group 3 = Gi/Go

66
Q

What are the members of the group 1 GPCRS

A

mGlu1 and mGlu5

67
Q

What are the members of Group 2 GPCRS

A

mGlu2 and mGlu3

68
Q

What are the members of group 3 GPCRS

A

mGlu4 and mGlu6-8

69
Q

What is the subunit composition of NMDA, AMPA and Kainate receptors respectively?

A

Tetramers of GluN 1-3
Tetramers of GluA 1-4
Tetramers of GluK 1-5

70
Q

Are NMDA receptors located pre or post synaptically?

A

Post synaptically

71
Q

Are AMPA receptors located pre or post synaptically?

A

Presynaptically

72
Q

ARE Kainate receptors located pre or post synaptically?

A

Pre and post synaptically

73
Q

What is an example of a kinase linked receptor?

A

Cytokine receptors

74
Q

What is an example of nuclear (hormone) receptors?

A

Glucocorticoid receptor

Oestrogen receptor

75
Q

What are the three ways reduced signalling can occur, leading to receptor desensitisation?

A

Uncoupling of agonist binding from signalling
Internalisation of receptor
Reduction of receptor expression, due to reduced synthesis or degradation

76
Q

Define tachyphylaxis

A

Acute, sudden decrease in response to drug after administration

77
Q

Define tolerance

A

Decrease response to drug after chronic use

78
Q

Define addiction

A

Behavioural manifestation of tolerance

Foundations In Neuroscience (1 decks)

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