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health and the community > lectures 5-7 > Flashcards

lectures 5-7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 classes that emerging infectious diseases can fall under?

A
  • newly emerging
  • existing but rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
  • new epidemics of old pathogens
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2
Q

what factors can be attributed to the emergence of infectious disease?

A
  • deforestation
  • urbanisation
  • road construction
  • climate change
  • agricultural development
  • habitat fragmentation
  • air and water pollution
  • hydrological changes (including dam building)
  • population movement
  • better detection/diagnosis
  • drug resistance
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3
Q

what factors can be attributed to the emergence of infectious disease?

A
  • deforestation
  • urbanisation
  • road construction
  • climate change
  • agricultural development
  • habitat fragmentation
  • air and water pollution
  • hydrological changes (including dam building)
  • population movement
  • better detection/diagnosis
  • drug resistance
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4
Q

define sequelae

A

death at a much later stage due to side effects of an infection

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5
Q

what pathogen type are bats a reservoir of?

A

viruses

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6
Q

how many coronaviruses were found across 1200 bat species?

A

3204

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7
Q

what animals are the main reservoir for ebola?

A

bats

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8
Q

what animals have been the reservoir for MERS?

A

it originated in bats and then crossed over into dromedary camels

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9
Q

what does MERS stand for?

A

middle east respiratory syndrome

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10
Q

define what is meant by an emerging disease

A

a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increased in incidence or geographic range

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11
Q

what is meant by a re-emerging disease?

A

a disease whose incidence has increased in a defined time period and location

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12
Q

what human activity is being attributed to the re-emergence of infectious disease?

A
  • breakdown of public health measures
  • poverty and social inequality
  • war and famine
  • lack of political will
  • bioterrorism
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13
Q

what other (non human-caused) factors have been linked to the re-emergence of infectious disease?

A
  • climate and weather
  • co-infection
  • microbial adaptation and change
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14
Q

define transmission

A

the mechanism in which a disease is spread

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15
Q

define incubation period

A

the time between infection and symptom onset

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16
Q

what is a carrier?

A

a person or animal without apparent disease who harbours a specific infectious agent and is capable of transmitting it to others

17
Q

define infectivity

A

the proportion of people exposed to a causative agent who became infected by an infectious disease

18
Q

what is a reservoir?

A

the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies

19
Q

define zoonoses

A

an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans

20
Q

what does the term ‘endemic’ mean?

A

a disease which is constantly present in a population or geographical area

21
Q

what does the term ‘epidemic’ mean?

A

the occurence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or population over a particular period of time

22
Q

define what a pandemic is

A

a worldwide epidemic, affecting a large, widespread population simultaneously

23
Q

describe the structure and growth of the pathogen which causes lyme disease

A
  • it is coiled and contains a double membrane
  • it does microaerophilic growth
24
Q

what is the transmission of lyme disease like?

A
  • zoonotic reservoirs
  • vector-borne transmission
25
Q

what are the main virulence factors of the Lyme disease pathogen?

A
  • a motile flagella
  • exploiting the immune system
  • Ospe lipoprotein expression - used for attachment to tick midgut, allowing it to be secreted in tick saliva
26
Q

what are the cures and treatments for lyme disease?

A
  • no human vaccine
  • can be treated with doxycycline if caught early
27
Q

what are the characteristics of cholera bacteria?

A
  • Gram negative
  • facultative anaerobe
  • comma shaped rod
  • flagellated
28
Q

what are the 3 classes that infectious diseases can fall under?

A
  • newly emerging
  • existing but rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range
  • new epidemics of old pathogens
29
Q

how is cholera bacteria transmitted?

A

contaminated water

30
Q

what are the main virulence factors of cholera?

A
  • cholera enterotoxin
  • adherence factors
31
Q

what is re-emergence of cholera potentially an indicator of?

A
  • linked to increasing size of vulnerable populations living in unsanitary conditions
32
Q

is cholera re-emergence a consequence of class?

A

no

33
Q

is there a cholera vaccine?

A

yes!

34
Q

what treatments are used for cholera?

A
  • rehydration therapy
  • antibiotic treatment
  • zinc treatment
35
Q

how can cholera be prevented?

A

safe water and adequate sanitation

36
Q

what are the characteristics of shigella bacteria?

A
  • Gram negative
  • facultative anaerobe
  • non-motile
37
Q

how is shigella bacteria transmitted?

A
  • food
  • water
  • reduced hygiene
38
Q

what are the virulence factors associated with shigella?

A
  • invasion of epithelial cells
  • shiga toxin
39
Q

is shigella multidrug resistant?

A

yes

health and the community (6 decks)

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