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Biochem BS1030 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is glucose?

A

An aldohexose

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2
Q

What monomers does glycogen release?

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

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3
Q

What do stages I, II and III consist of?

A

Stage I -Extracellular metabolism in the gut
Stage II - Glycolysis and the Link reaction
Stage III - Oxidative phophorylation and Citric acid cycle

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4
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

What is fructosuria?

A

Genetic deficiency of fruktokinase

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6
Q

How are triglycerides made soluble?

A

Emulsified in bile

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7
Q

Where are TAGs stored? In what form?

A

Adipose tissue, in their anhydrous form

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8
Q

What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH and 5-carbon sugars

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9
Q

What are used to package lipids in the bloodstream?

A

Chylomicrons

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10
Q

What is the breakdown of lipids in the liver or muscles called?

A

Fatty acid oxidation (in the mitochondria)

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11
Q

What is the cleaved glycerol used for?

A

Taken to the liver for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

How are fatty acids able to cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Coupled with caritene

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13
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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14
Q

NH4 is toxic and so is converted to ________?

A

Urea

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15
Q

What enzyme is used in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

The citric acid is amphibolic, what does this mean?

A

Both anabolic and catabolic reactions occur, it is also oxidative

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17
Q

‘The link reaction is reversible’, true or false?

A

False

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18
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle per cycle

A

GTP
3x NADH
1x FADH

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19
Q

What are the two things that regulate the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD vs NADH

ADP vs ATP

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20
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

How many complexes are in the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Four, complex two doesn’t transport hydrogen ions across the membrane

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22
Q

What are excess lipids, carbohydrates and proteins stored as?

A
  • carbohydrates stored as glycogen
  • lipids as TAGs
  • proteins excreted as urine
23
Q

What tissues can metabolise glucose?

A

All of them

24
Q

Where is glycogen stored/used?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

25
What is it used for in these two places?
Liver - to control the blood sugar level and for gluconeogenesis Skeletal muscle - to be used for respiration to provide energy for muscle contraction
26
What two enzymes are used for glycogen breakdown?
Glycogen phosphorylase | Glucosidase
27
What is the definition of gluconeogenesis? Where does it occur?
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources | Occurs in the liver and the kidney cortex
28
What are the substrates used for gluconeogenesis?
Lactate --> Pyruvate Amino acids --> Pyruvate Glycerol --> Glycerol-3-phosphate
29
How are ketone bodies formed in the body?
When there is an excess of acetyl CoA molecules, two can be joined together to form a ketone body
30
Why does glucose need to be phosphorylated?
In its normal state, it is osmotically active
31
What enzymes are in the gut?
Salivary amylases, pancreatic amylases, lactases, sucrases
32
What are epimers?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different by one carbon
33
What is the overall reaction for glycolysis?
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2ADP + 2 NAD + -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + H2¬O
34
What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to lactate?
Lactate dehydrogenase
35
In hydrophobicity plots, the more negative the value, the more ________ the amino acid is
Hydrophillic
36
How does cholesterol work?
- Interactions between cholesterol and phospholipid heads keep the heads closer together which decreases fluidity - Cholesterol also acts as a physical barrier between fatty acids which keeps them apart, thereby increasing fluidity
37
What evidence is there to support the fluid mosaic model?
FRAP - The bilayer molecules are tagged with fluorescent lighting on a cell. A laser is used to bleach a small section of the membrane but over time the fluorescence returns to that place showing that there is movement within the membrane
38
Define metabolism
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions where the product of one reaction acts as the substrate of the next and there is end-product inhibition
39
What are the uses of ATP?
Anabolism Muscle contraction Active transport
40
What is ATP made of?
Adenine base, three phosphate groups, ribose sugar
41
Why does ATP release so much energy?
Resonance stabilisation – Removing a phosphate group increases the entropy of that phosphate group and so is energetically favourable Electrostatic repulsion – Phosphate groups constantly repel each other so cleaving a phosphate eases the strain Water binds more effectively to ADP than ATP
42
Why is the hexokinase step irreversible?
The reaction has a very negative deltaG
43
What are the steps of protein degredation?
Transfer of amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate | Dehydrogenation to produce ammonium ion
44
What does cyanide do?
Blocks cytochrome C oxidase
45
What does 2,4 DNPH do? What is the body's natural version of this?
Increases the permeability of the inner mitochondrial matrix to allow a different route for the hydrogen ions back into the mitochondrial matrix. Thermogenin is found in brown adipose tissue, mostly of babies as they can't shiver
46
What is processivity?
An enzyme's ability to catalyse consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate
47
What is the DNA replication equation?
(DNA)n + dNTP (DNA)n+1 + PPi
48
What are SSB proteins?
Single strand binding proteins stop the single strands of DNA from reforming a double helix
49
What are the enzymes used in error correction?
Excinuclease DNA pol I DNA ligase
50
DNA pol I nuclease activity?
3'-->5' exonuclease 5'-->3' nuclease 5'-->3' polymerase
51
What is a replication fork?
A section of DNA undergoing simultaneous unwinding, strand separation and replication
52
'DNA pol III has no 5'-->3' nuclease activity', true or false?
True
53
What are the components of a holoenzyme and what are their functions
Alpha - Non-specific transcription Beta - Makes phosphodiester bonds Beta' - Completes claw structure for processivity Sigma - Recognises promoter sequence to initiate transcription
54
What does the amino acid bind to on the tRNA?
The CCA terminus with the 3' hydroxyl

Biochem BS1030 (1 decks)

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