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Biochem BS1030 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is glucose?

A

An aldohexose

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2
Q

What monomers does glycogen release?

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

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3
Q

What do stages I, II and III consist of?

A

Stage I -Extracellular metabolism in the gut
Stage II - Glycolysis and the Link reaction
Stage III - Oxidative phophorylation and Citric acid cycle

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4
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

What is fructosuria?

A

Genetic deficiency of fruktokinase

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6
Q

How are triglycerides made soluble?

A

Emulsified in bile

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7
Q

Where are TAGs stored? In what form?

A

Adipose tissue, in their anhydrous form

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8
Q

What are the products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH and 5-carbon sugars

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9
Q

What are used to package lipids in the bloodstream?

A

Chylomicrons

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10
Q

What is the breakdown of lipids in the liver or muscles called?

A

Fatty acid oxidation (in the mitochondria)

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11
Q

What is the cleaved glycerol used for?

A

Taken to the liver for glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

How are fatty acids able to cross the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Coupled with caritene

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13
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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14
Q

NH4 is toxic and so is converted to ________?

A

Urea

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15
Q

What enzyme is used in the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

The citric acid is amphibolic, what does this mean?

A

Both anabolic and catabolic reactions occur, it is also oxidative

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17
Q

‘The link reaction is reversible’, true or false?

A

False

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18
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle per cycle

A

GTP
3x NADH
1x FADH

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19
Q

What are the two things that regulate the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD vs NADH

ADP vs ATP

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20
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

How many complexes are in the mitochondrial membrane?

A

Four, complex two doesn’t transport hydrogen ions across the membrane

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22
Q

What are excess lipids, carbohydrates and proteins stored as?

A
  • carbohydrates stored as glycogen
  • lipids as TAGs
  • proteins excreted as urine
23
Q

What tissues can metabolise glucose?

A

All of them

24
Q

Where is glycogen stored/used?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

25
Q

What is it used for in these two places?

A

Liver - to control the blood sugar level and for gluconeogenesis
Skeletal muscle - to be used for respiration to provide energy for muscle contraction

26
Q

What two enzymes are used for glycogen breakdown?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

Glucosidase

27
Q

What is the definition of gluconeogenesis? Where does it occur?

A

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Occurs in the liver and the kidney cortex

28
Q

What are the substrates used for gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate –> Pyruvate
Amino acids –> Pyruvate
Glycerol –> Glycerol-3-phosphate

29
Q

How are ketone bodies formed in the body?

A

When there is an excess of acetyl CoA molecules, two can be joined together to form a ketone body

30
Q

Why does glucose need to be phosphorylated?

A

In its normal state, it is osmotically active

31
Q

What enzymes are in the gut?

A

Salivary amylases, pancreatic amylases, lactases, sucrases

32
Q

What are epimers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different by one carbon

33
Q

What is the overall reaction for glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 Pi + 2ADP + 2 NAD + -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + H2¬O

34
Q

What enzyme is used to convert pyruvate to lactate?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

35
Q

In hydrophobicity plots, the more negative the value, the more ________ the amino acid is

A

Hydrophillic

36
Q

How does cholesterol work?

A
  • Interactions between cholesterol and phospholipid heads keep the heads closer together which decreases fluidity
  • Cholesterol also acts as a physical barrier between fatty acids which keeps them apart, thereby increasing fluidity
37
Q

What evidence is there to support the fluid mosaic model?

A

FRAP - The bilayer molecules are tagged with fluorescent lighting on a cell. A laser is used to bleach a small section of the membrane but over time the fluorescence returns to that place showing that there is movement within the membrane

38
Q

Define metabolism

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions where the product of one reaction acts as the substrate of the next and there is end-product inhibition

39
Q

What are the uses of ATP?

A

Anabolism
Muscle contraction
Active transport

40
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

Adenine base, three phosphate groups, ribose sugar

41
Q

Why does ATP release so much energy?

A

Resonance stabilisation – Removing a phosphate group increases the entropy of that phosphate group and so is energetically favourable
Electrostatic repulsion – Phosphate groups constantly repel each other so cleaving a phosphate eases the strain
Water binds more effectively to ADP than ATP

42
Q

Why is the hexokinase step irreversible?

A

The reaction has a very negative deltaG

43
Q

What are the steps of protein degredation?

A

Transfer of amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate

Dehydrogenation to produce ammonium ion

44
Q

What does cyanide do?

A

Blocks cytochrome C oxidase

45
Q

What does 2,4 DNPH do? What is the body’s natural version of this?

A

Increases the permeability of the inner mitochondrial matrix to allow a different route for the hydrogen ions back into the mitochondrial matrix. Thermogenin is found in brown adipose tissue, mostly of babies as they can’t shiver

46
Q

What is processivity?

A

An enzyme’s ability to catalyse consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate

47
Q

What is the DNA replication equation?

A

(DNA)n + dNTP (DNA)n+1 + PPi

48
Q

What are SSB proteins?

A

Single strand binding proteins stop the single strands of DNA from reforming a double helix

49
Q

What are the enzymes used in error correction?

A

Excinuclease
DNA pol I
DNA ligase

50
Q

DNA pol I nuclease activity?

A

3’–>5’ exonuclease
5’–>3’ nuclease
5’–>3’ polymerase

51
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

A section of DNA undergoing simultaneous unwinding, strand separation and replication

52
Q

‘DNA pol III has no 5’–>3’ nuclease activity’, true or false?

A

True

53
Q

What are the components of a holoenzyme and what are their functions

A

Alpha - Non-specific transcription
Beta - Makes phosphodiester bonds
Beta’ - Completes claw structure for processivity
Sigma - Recognises promoter sequence to initiate transcription

54
Q

What does the amino acid bind to on the tRNA?

A

The CCA terminus with the 3’ hydroxyl

Biochem BS1030 (1 decks)

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