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ABT 16 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Metal definition

A

Solid substance with:

  • High conductivity (electrical and heat)
  • Luster
  • Hardness (tensile stress, malleability, and ductility)
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2
Q

High structural strength per unit of mass

A

Can carry large loads/resist impact damages.

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3
Q

Uses of metals

A
  • Construction
  • Tools
  • Vehicles
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4
Q

Metals used ages ago

A

Copper, Tin, Iron, Lead, Gold, Silver, Mercury

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5
Q

3 most common metals used

A

1) Iron and iron alloys (steel)
2) Aluminum
3) Copper

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6
Q

Properties of nonmetals

A
  • Non-lusterous
  • Gas at room temperature
  • Brittle
  • Poor conductors
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7
Q

Six metaloids

A

1) Boron
2) Silicon
3) Germanium
4) Arsenic
5) Polonium
6) Tellurium
7) Polonium

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8
Q

Properties of metalloids

A
  • Characteristics in between metals and non metals

- Semiconductors

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9
Q

Classifications of metals

A

1) Ferrous

2) Non-ferrous

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10
Q

Ferrous metal properties

A

1) Must contain iron, may contain trace amounts of other elements
2) Magnetic

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11
Q

Types of ferrous metals

A

1) Iron
2) Wrought iron
3) Cast iron
4) Steel (stainless and galvanized)

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12
Q

Iron

A
  • 8,4
  • Most widely used metal (95%)
  • Pure iron not commercially used
  • Pure iron oxidizes rapidly in presence of O2 and moisture
  • Pure iron soft, use alloys to make stronger
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13
Q

Wrought iron

A
  • Less than .03% carbon
  • True wrought iron is scarce and expensive
  • Forges well, easily bent (hot or cold), can be simply welded
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14
Q

Cast iron

A
  • 2.1 - 4% carbon, 1 - 3% Silicon

- Hard, inflexible, brittle, resistant to deformation and wear

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15
Q

Carbonized steel

A
  • Less than 1.65% Mn, .6% Cu, small amounts Si, S, P
  • Low carbon steel (.02 - .3%): Most commonly used – roll steel
  • Medium carbon steel (.3 - .45%): Strong and hard, less ductile, now easily welded (cracks after welding), screwdrivers
  • High carbon (.45 - .75): Very hard/strong, less ductile, special welding to prevent cracking, used for hammers
  • Very-high carbon (More than .75%): Seldom welded, tools and springs
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16
Q

Rolled steel

A
  • Rolling steel into shape
  • Cold: Formed when cold more accurately sized and finished surface. Better for welding
  • Hot: Blue scale, uniform quality, most economical
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17
Q

Alloy steels

A
  • Alloy steels 1-50% other elements by weight
  • Stronger, harder, tougher than carbonized steel
  • May require heat treatment
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18
Q

Stainless steel

A
  • Has chromium (min 10.5%, max 26%)

- Film of Chromium oxide that prevents surface corrosion

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19
Q

Galvanized steel

A
  • Zinc to prevent rusting
  • Pass steel through molten bath of zinc
  • Rust resistant
  • Toxic fumes released
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20
Q

Steel identification

A

1) Principle element in steel
2) Approx % of predominant alloy
3-4) Carbon points

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21
Q

Non-ferrous metals

A
  • Don’t contain iron
  • Not magnetic
  • More resistant to corrosion
22
Q

Aluminum

A
  • Most widely used non ferrous metal
  • Soft, durable, lightweight
  • 1/3 density and stiffness of steel
  • 100% recyclable
23
Q

Copper

A
  • Ductile
  • High conductivity
  • Pure copper is soft w/ pink exposed surface
24
Q

Tin

A
  • Silvery, malleable

- Not easily oxidized

25
Q

Lead

A
  • Soft, heavy, highly malleable, ductile
  • Used in batteries
  • Toxic
26
Q

Physical properties of metals: Hardness

A
  • Hardness: Harder = less deformation
  • Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers test
  • Brinell and Rockwell measure penetration into metal
27
Q

Physical properties of metals: Ducitlity

A
  • Tensile stress
28
Q

Physical properties of metals: Malleability

A
  • Deformation under compressive stress

- Ability to form a thin sheet by hammering/rolling

29
Q

Physical properties of metals: Strength

A

1) Tensile: Longitudinal stress
2) Compressive: Stress that can stand without being crushed
3) Sheer: Force that causes internal metal to slide against itself

30
Q

Other physical properties

A

1) Density
2) Conductivity
3) Radioactivity

31
Q

Chemical properties of metals

A
  • Strong metallic bonds: High melting and boiling points
  • Free electrons carry heat: Good conductors
  • Electrons slide easily: Malleable and ducitle
32
Q

Metal production

A
  • Conversion of ore to final form
  • No work when already in final form (Au, Ag, Pt, etc.)
  • Extractive metallurgy: Removing valuable metals
33
Q

Heat treatment

A
  • Alter physical properties

- Annealing (heat the slowly cool), quencing (heat and rapidly cool to harden), tempering (slowly heat up, slowly cool)

34
Q

Surface treatment

A

1) Plating: Bonding thin layer of metal to surface
2) Thermal spray: Melted metals sprayed onto surface
3) Case hardening: Hardening surface by infusing with other elements

35
Q

Chemical heating

A
  • Use oxygen- fuel mixture
  • Powdered material fed through gun
  • Produces spray
36
Q

Joining metals

A

Permanent: Welding, soldering, brazing
Separable: Fastening (screw, nuts and bolts, rivets

37
Q

Welding

A
  • Melting base material
  • Gas welding
  • ARC welding (stick, mig, tig)
38
Q

Oxy-acetylene welding

A
  • More portable than ARC welding
  • Can join, heat, or cut metals
  • Welding, brazing, cutting, heating, bending
39
Q

Oxy-acetylene welding safety

A

1) Secure cylinders
2) Make sure no oil or grease is present
3) Don’t use oxygen as substitute for air
4) Don’t force connections
5) Make sure nobody is in front of cylinders/regulators
6) Wear safety shit

40
Q

Setting up gas welding

A

1) Valves loose
2) Open valves slowly (oxygen fully, acetylene 1/2 turn)
3) Adjust pressures
4) Open acetylene and light
5) Add oxygen and adjust to proper flame

41
Q

Types of flame

A
  • Neutral: Equal amounts of oxygen and acetylene
  • Oxidizing: Excess oxygen
  • Carburizing: Excess acetylene
42
Q

Shutting down gas welding

A

1) Close oxygen then acetylene valves to shut off flame
2) Close oxygen and acetylene main valves
3) Drain out gasses
4) Loosen screws
5) Close torch valves

43
Q

Methods of gas welding

A

1) Forehand: Welding rod proceeds flame (less than 1/8 thick)
2) Backhand: Flame proceeds rod (more than 1/8 inch thick)

44
Q

Gas welding problems

A

1) Backfire: Popping at tip. Caused by bad gas volume, touching tip, or overheated tip
2) Flashback: Explosion at tip of nozzle w/ hissing sound and smoke. Can be caused by clogged tip, improper gas mix, loose connections, or damaged o-ring.

45
Q

Stick welding

A
  • DC: Direct current
  • Ground clamp: Complete circuit for welding
  • Wear hood and safety clothes
  • Electrode forms slag
46
Q

Stick welding safety

A
  • Don’t simultaneously touch electrode and grounding cable
  • Don’t weld around combustibles
  • Don’t welt in wet areas
  • Use correct cable size
47
Q

Stick welding electrode selection

A

1) Diameter: Approximately equal to electrode thickness

2) Type: First two letters = tensile strength, third = position, fourth = Current type

48
Q

Weld and joint types

A

Weld: Bead (padding), butt, fillet (tee), groove (beveled)
Joint: Butt, lap, tee, edge, corner

49
Q

Stick welding steps

A

1) Setup
2) Strike (or tap) ARC
3) Bead

50
Q

Troubleshooting stick welds

A
  • Burnthrough
  • Incomplete fusion
  • Slag inclusion
  • Undercut
  • Cracks
  • Porosity

ABT 16 (1 decks)

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