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COB Epidemiology > Lectures 3-7: Descriptive Epidemiology; Measures of Disease Frequency > Flashcards

Lectures 3-7: Descriptive Epidemiology; Measures of Disease Frequency Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

the Person (WHO), Place (WHERE, Time (WHEN) regarding disease occurrence

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2
Q

Case definition

A

a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance (like diagnostic criteria in a clinical setting)

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

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4
Q

Outbreak

A

an epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease (may be interchanged with “cluster”)

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5
Q

Endemic

A

constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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6
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic occurring over a very wide area involving a large number of people - many times multi-region or multi-national

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7
Q

Ratios

A

Division of 2 unrelated numbers (numerator not part of denominator)

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8
Q

Proportions

A

Division of 2 related numbers (numerator is a subset of denominator)

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9
Q

Rates

A

Division of 2 numbers with TIME incorporated into the denominator

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10
Q

Absolute difference

A

Raw subtraction between two variables

ex: # live births - # total deaths in community

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11
Q

Adjusted disease/mortality rates

A

representation of rates of disease or death among total population, generally adjusted to reflect an appropriate population (such as age-adjusted rates)

ex: age-specific mortality rate: # of deaths of specific age group from any cause / 100,000 people per year

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12
Q

Attack rate

A

new disease cases that develop/# healthy population at risk for disease

*We would have to subtract individuals already diseased or vaccinated in this case

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13
Q

Case fatality rate

A

cause specific deaths/# cases disease

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14
Q

Cause-specific morbidity rate

A

diseased by specified cause/total population

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15
Q

Cause-specific mortality rate

A

cause-specific deaths/total population

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16
Q

Cause-specific survival rate

A

specific cases alive/# cases of disease

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17
Q

Common source outbreak

A

outbreak in which a group of people were all exposed to a disease or toxin at the same time

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18
Q

Crude morbidity rate

A

people with disease/total population

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19
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

deaths/total population

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20
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

new cases of disease/# in candidate population over specified period of time

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21
Q

Fertility rate

A

live births/1,000 women of childbearing age

22
Q

Incidence

A

new cases/# persons at risk for disease

*subtract out those not at risk

23
Q

Incidence density

A

new cases of disease/total person-time in population at risk for disease

24
Q

Incidence rate

A

new cases of disease/person time at risk for disease

25
Q

Incubation period

A

amount of time from exposure to symptom presentation

26
Q

Induction period

A

time between exposure to risk factor and initiation of disease

27
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

of deaths in those less than 1 year old/1000 live births

28
Q

Infectivity

A

individuals infected/# individuals susceptible

29
Q

Latency period

A

time between biologic onset of disease and disease detection

30
Q

Live birth rate (Natality)

A

live births/1,000 population

31
Q

Maternal mortality rate

A

female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000 live births

32
Q

Morbidity

A

disease, usually as a rate or proportion of those with disease

33
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A

deaths in those less than 28 days old/1000 live births

34
Q

Pathogenicity

A

with clinical diagnosis of disease/infected individuals

35
Q

Period prevalence

A

prevalence over a given period of time

ex: during 2012, over 1 year

36
Q

Person-time

A

accounts for the amount of time each person was followed during the study

ex: 100 person-years = 100 people followed over 1 year, 10 people followed for 10 years each, etc

37
Q

Propagation outbreak

A

outbreak which spreads from person-person, infects others (present as repeated spikes on epi curve)

38
Q

Point source outbreak

A

outbreak in which infected persons were exposed to disease in a single event (such as a meal); curve rises rapidly and falls gradually (present as a bell curve-like blob on the epi curve)

39
Q

Postnatal mortality rate

A

deaths in those older than 28 days, but less than 1 year/1000 live births

40
Q

Prevalence

A

of existing cases of disease/# at risk or base population

41
Q

Prevalence rate

A

incorporates time into prevalence

42
Q

Point prevalence

A

prevalence at a specific point in time

ex: prevalence on January 1st

43
Q

Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)

A

cause specific deaths/total # deaths in population

44
Q

Relative difference

A

ratio of 2 measures of disease frequency (divide them)

45
Q

Risk

A

Same as incidence; # new cases/# population at risk for disease

46
Q

Secondary attack rate

A

new cases of disease among contacts/# contacts

47
Q

Sentinel/Index case

A

original/1st case known (stands alone at beginning of epi curve)

48
Q

Survival rate

A

that survived/# infected

49
Q

Virulence

A

deaths/# individuals with disease

50
Q

What key factors are needed to compare measures of disease frequency between groups?

A
  1. # of people affected/impacted (frequency)
  2. Size of source population or those at risk
  3. Length of time population is followed

COB Epidemiology (7 decks)

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