Lectures

Question 1

What is MS:

Answer 1

Inflammation in CNS causes:
1.Destruction of the mylien sheath
2. Axonal damage
3.reactive gliosis

Question 2

Where does the inflammation happen in MS?

Answer 2

In the white and GREY matter

Question 3

What is the characteristic of MS:

Answer 3

Lesions/ plaques in the white and grey matter

Question 4

Where’s the MS plaques mostly seen?

Answer 4

In the spinal cord, optic nerve,brainstem/ cerebellum and periventricular white matter

Question 5

Neuro degenerative aspects of the MS causes a lot of macroscopic findings, mention them:

Answer 5

1. Spinal cord and brain appear smaller
2. Atrophy in optic nerves, chiasm,pons, medulla and spinal cord.
3. Corpus callosum thins and lateral ventricle dilate; due to loss of the brain tissue

Question 6

What gene causes MS?

Answer 6

HLA-DRB1*1501

Question 7

What are the said to be causes for MS?

Answer 7

1. EBV
   2.⬇️sun exposure
2. 🚬
3. Western lifestyle

Question 8

Symptoms of MS (relapse):

Answer 8

1. Optic neuritis
2. Diplopia/ internuclear ophthalmoplegia
3. Lhermitte’s sign ( electric shock sensation when nech flexed)
4. Brainstem syndrome

Question 9

CSF Ffindings in MS:

Answer 9

Oligoclonal IgG bands

Question 10

What is the Parkinson’s triad?

Answer 10

TRAP
1. Bradykinesia
2. Rigidity
3. Tremors
To diagnose we 2/3

Question 11

When does Parkinson’s peak? At what age?

Answer 11

After the age of 60, it is uncommon under 50

Question 12

What decreases risk for Parkin?

Answer 12

1. Smoking
2. Caffeine

Question 13

What histological findings in PD?

Answer 13

Lewy bodies

Question 14

Characteristics of the tremors:

Answer 14

Picture in notes

Question 15

Is rigidity velocity dependent ???

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What causes severe retro-orbital headache ?
(Ipsilateral to the lesion)

Answer 16

Carotid dissection

Question 17

CSF findings in early Dementia

Answer 17

Tau protein and low -amyloid-beta 42

Question 18

Hip adduction nerve

Answer 18

Obturator nerve

Question 19

ICA occlusive disease

Answer 19

Amaurosis Fugax ( transient monocular visual loss)

Question 20

Cerebral hemisphere lesion is mostly caused by:

Answer 20

Carotid artery occlusion

Question 21

Percentage of GBS patients who need ventilatory support

Answer 21

25%

Question 22

Thunderclap headache

Answer 22

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 23

Which are more sensitive test for brainstem infarction?

Answer 23

HINTS more than MRI

Head Impulse test
Nystagmus
Test of Skew

Question 24

There are bio markers for primary headache disorders

Answer 24

False