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Introduction To Biomechanics > Lectures 12-18 > Flashcards

Lectures 12-18 Flashcards

1
Q

Slide 6, lecture 12

A

To show which way makes radians positive and which way makes radians negative

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2
Q

Equation for angular displacement

A

Angular displacement = final angle - initial angle

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3
Q

Equation for angular velocity

A

Angular velocity = angular displacement / change in time

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4
Q

Equation for angular acceleration

A

Angular acceleration = change in angular velocity / change in time

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5
Q

Equation for linear velocity

A

Linear velocity = angular velocity x radius

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6
Q

Recap lecture 12 bit about radians

A

DO NOT SAVE THIS TILL NIGHT BEFORE IT IS VERY IMPORTANT

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7
Q

What is an ”open chain”? (Recap, Slide 17, lecture 12)

A

Where the distal segment (hand or foot) is free to move in space. Movements occur distal to the moving joint

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8
Q

What is a “closed kinetic chain”? (Recap Slide 18, lecture 12)

A

Where the distal segment (hand or foot) is fixed to a solid surface

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9
Q

Equation for angular displacement

A

Angular displacement = final angle - initial angle

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10
Q

Equation for angular velocity

A

Angular velocity = angular displacement / change in time

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11
Q

Equation for angular acceleration

A

Angular acceleration = change in angular velocity / change in time

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12
Q

What is the linear to angular analogue of mass? (Look is what this means)

A

Moment of inertia

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13
Q

What is the linear to angular analogue of force? (Look is what this means)

A

Torque (moment of force)

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14
Q

What is the linear to angular analogue of momentum? (Look is what this means)

A

Angular momentum

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15
Q

What is the linear to angular analogue of Newton’s laws? (Look is what this means)

A

Newton’s laws (angular analogues)

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16
Q

Equation for moment of inertia

A

Moment of inertia = mass of each particle x squared distance from axis of rotation

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17
Q

Heavier objects or those with mass distributed away from their axis of rotation are…? (Related to moment of inertia)

A

Harder to move and difficult to stop

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18
Q

What is torque?

A

It is an “angular force”

It is also a vector (has a magnitude and direction

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19
Q

Look at slide 11

A

Lecture 13, torque

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20
Q

Equation for torque

A

Torque = Force x Moment arm

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21
Q

What is torque measured in?

A

Nm

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22
Q

Find units for all equations

A

On lectures

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23
Q

Do equation practice with help from recap

A

Slide 20 - 24, lecture 13

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24
Q

What is the moment arm?

A

The shortest perpendicular distance from a force’s line of action to the axis of rotation

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25
Q

How to measure torque

A

Slide 5-8, lecture 14

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26
Q

Slides 9-10

A

Calculating equilibrium

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27
Q

Lever systems, F L E = ???

A

1 2 3

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28
Q

Example of a first class lever system?

A

Elbow extension against a resistance

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29
Q

Example of a second class lever system?

A

Calf raise

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30
Q

Example of a third class lever system?

A

Bicep curl

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31
Q

What is an advantage of a second class lever system?

A

The effort arm is greater than the load arm. So a large load can be moved with a relatively small effort

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32
Q

What is the problem with the mechanical advantage of the second class lever?

A

It means that there is a reduced range of motion (less movement)

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33
Q

What is the mechanical disadvantage of a third class lever system?

A

The load arm is greater than the effort arm - so it takes a larger effort to lift a relatively small load

34
Q

What is a benefit of the mechanical disadvantage of a third class lever?

A

It allows for a greater range of motion (more movement)

35
Q

Equation for (tangential) linear velocity?

A

(Tangential) Linear velocity = angular velocity x radius

36
Q

Centripetal forces

A

Slide 5, lecture 15, what are the symbols in the equations

37
Q

Slides 13 - 18, recap (centripetal and centrifugal forces)

A

Lecture 15

38
Q

So equation practice throughout all lectures

A

Lecture 12-18

39
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A muscular contraction where the length of the muscle stay the same

40
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A muscular contraction where the length of the muscle changes

41
Q

What is an isokinetic muscular contraction?

A

A muscular contraction with the same angular velocity

42
Q

What is a concentric muscular contraction?

A

One where the length of the muscle shortens

43
Q

What is an eccentric muscular contraction?

A

One where the length of the muscle lengthens (becomes longer)

44
Q

A downwards movement is normally what type of muscular contraction?

A

An eccentric one

45
Q

Recap lecture 16

A

One of the ones you missed

46
Q

Recap lecture 15

A

One of the ones you missed

47
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

The law of inertia

A body continues in a state of rest or uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external or unbalanced force

48
Q

The angular equivalent of Newton’s first law of motion

A

A rotating body will continue to rotate about its axis of rotation with a constant angular momentum unless acted on by an external torque

49
Q

Recap what symbols mean

A

Slide 4, lecture 17

50
Q

Learn conservation of angular momentum

A

PE book, page 98, slide 6, lecture 17

51
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

Law of acceleration

A body’s rate of change of momentum is proportional to the force applied to it and it acts in the direction of that force

52
Q

The angular equivalent of Newton’s second law of motion

A

The rate of change of angular momentum is proportional to the torque chasing it

53
Q

Newton’s third law of motion

A

The law of reaction

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

54
Q

Angular equivalent of Newton’s third law of motion

A

For every torque exerted by a body on another, there is an equal and opposite torque exerted

55
Q

Equations for Newton’s laws of motion and the angular equivalents

A

Throughout lecture 17

56
Q

Recap lecture 18

A

No pp slides

57
Q

Definition of moment arm

A

The moment arm is the shortest perpendicular distance from a force’s line of action to the axis of rotation

58
Q

How do you convert radians to degrees? (Smaller to bigger number)

A

Multiply by 360/2pie

59
Q

How do you convert degrees to radians? (Bigger to smaller number)

A

Multiply by 2pie/360

60
Q

How many radians are there in every circle?

A

2pie radians

61
Q

Centripetal (radial) acceleration equation

A

Tangential (linear) velocity squared / radius

62
Q

What is the unit for centripetal (radial) acceleration?

A

Radians/second

63
Q

Equation for centripetal force

A

Mass x tangential (linear) velocity squared / radius

64
Q

What does pennation allow for?

A

Allows more muscle fibres in the muscle, which are able to contribute to producing more force

65
Q

If you want to move something quickly, what type of muscle fibres do you want?

A

Longer

66
Q

What type of muscle giver do you want in order to produce a lot of force?

A

Shorter and greater physiological cross sectional area

67
Q

How many degrees are in one radian?

A

57.3 degrees

68
Q

Density equation

A

Density = mass/volume

69
Q

Does the density of an object have to be higher/lower than the object it is floating in to sink

A

Higher

70
Q

What is the equation for angular momentum?

A

Angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity

71
Q

Equation for torque in terms of law of reaction

A

Ta = -Tb

72
Q

In terms of the force velocity curve, at what point is maximum power achieved?

A

1/3 of maximum velocity

73
Q

What does a force through the CoM result in, in terms of rotation

A

No rotation

74
Q

What does a force applied around the CoM result in, in terms of rotation

A

Rotation and linear motion

75
Q

What does a force couple result in, in terms of rotation

A

Pure rotation

76
Q

What type of turning force is an eccentric/off-centre one?

A

One where force is applied around the CoM

77
Q

What is a centrifugal force?

A

It is an outward acting force

Equal and opposite to centripetal force

Reaction to the centripetal force

78
Q

What is a centripetal force?

A

A force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed to the centre

79
Q

Define conservation of angular momentum

A

Angular momentum is a conserved quantity which remains constant unless an external eccentric force or torque is applied

80
Q

Are you more likely to sink or float in a very dense fluid?

A

Float

81
Q

Are you more likely to sink or float in a fluid that is not very dense?

A

Sink

82
Q

Definition of a radian

A

A unit of measurement of angles, equal to about 57.3 degrees

Introduction To Biomechanics (4 decks)

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