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Phonetics & Phonology > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Prescriptive phonetics/linguistics

A

Establishment of rules defining preferred use of language (“judging what is correct/incorrect”)

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2
Q

Who was Daniel Jones

A

A father of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet/association) and popularized experimental phonetics

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3
Q

What were the Rousselot cylinders?

A

Machine designed by Abbé Rousselot designed to record speech sounds and articulatory information for analysis (introduction of measurement and instrumentation of phonetics)

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4
Q

What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

A

a system used for transcribing speech sounds independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages

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5
Q

What are 4 things the IPA can be used for?

A
  • Dictionaries, textbooks, phrase books
  • Creating new writing systems for previously unwritten languages
  • Non-native speakers learning English
  • Clinicians in SLP and related disciplines
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6
Q

Phonetics

A

scientific study of speech sounds

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7
Q

Phonology

A

study of sound systems, patterns, and rules (ex: automatically switching “inpossible” to “impossible” due to phonological rules)

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8
Q

Linguistics

A

scientific study of language (phonetics and phonology fall under the field of linguistics)

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9
Q

Grammar

A

mental representation of language knowledge (ex: internal grammar of Vietnamese)

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of phonetics?

A

articulatory, acoustic, and linguistic/perceptual

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11
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

how speech sounds are produced in the human vocal tract

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12
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

the physical nature of sounds

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13
Q

linguistic/perceptual phonetics

A

how speech is heard by listeners

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14
Q

feature

A

a component of a sound with discrete phonetic property- “smallest systematic part” of a speech sound/most basic unit in phonetics

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15
Q

binary features (+ or -)

A

+ is voiced features (ex: “ahh”); - is voiceless features (ex: “ss”)

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16
Q

What are the three articulatory features? (THE BIG THREE)

A

voicing, place, manner

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17
Q

Voicing of articulation

A

whether a speech sound is “voiced” or “voiceless”. Property of vibrating vocal chords

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18
Q

Place of articulation

A

where sound is made in the vocal tract

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19
Q

Manner of articulation

A

how sound is made in the vocal tract

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20
Q

examples of pilabials

A
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21
Q

Adducted vocal chords

A

Fully closed vocal chords (glottal stop)

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22
Q

Abducted vocal chords

A

Fully open vocal chords

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23
Q

Where does voicing occur?

A

The glottis (hole in-between the vocal chords)

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24
Q

What is the most important articulator?

A

Tongue

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25
Q

Labials/ bilabial sounds

A

Lip/ lips sounds (‘mm”)

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26
Q

Dental sounds

A

Teeth sounds (thh)

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27
Q

alveolar ridge sounds

A

lump behind teeth- incredibly important in production of speech sounds (alveolar consonants)- important for producing consonants

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28
Q

Palatal sounds

A

Hard palate sounds- /j/ “yellow”

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29
Q

Velar sounds

A

Velum (soft palate) sounds- regulates the nasality of speech sounds

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30
Q

Parts of the tongue

A

Tip (apex), blade (coronal), front, center, back (dorsal), root

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31
Q

Fricative sound

A

produced using friction/hissing sound (ex: / f /, / v /, / s /)

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32
Q

Affricate sound

A

combination of stop and fricative- affricate starts off sharply with a stop and then transitions to a hiss/fricative (ex: / tʃ / “ch ip” or “whi ch”- “ch” sound)

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33
Q

Approximant sound

A

two articulators approach/approximate each other and results in vocal tract forming sound without creating any hissing or blockage (ex: / l / “lake”, / j / “yellow”, / w / “well”)

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34
Q

phonetic transcription

A

writing using the IPA

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35
Q

descriptive phonetics

A

observing how different languages and accents sound

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36
Q

General American English (GAE)

A

major accent of American English

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37
Q

are phonological rules explicit or implicit?

A

implicit- effortlessly understood

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38
Q

what is the phonological rule of assimilation?

A

one sound becoming more like the other (ex: “impossible” vs. “inpossible”- sounds are in very different parts of the mouth)

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39
Q

phonetician

A

an individual who specializes in describing and understanding speech sounds

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40
Q

source filter theory/acoustic theory of speech production

A

explains how speech works (where speech begins- breathy exhalation –> raw sound generated in the throat (larynx or hissing noise) - SOURCE, moving cavities/articulators shapes sound- FILTER)

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41
Q

larynx

A

cartilaginous structure that is responsible for making all voiced sounds (aka the voice box)

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42
Q

what is another word for a viced sound?

A

phonated sound

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43
Q

what is another word for speech organs?

A

articulators

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44
Q

what are movable vs. fixed aticulators

A

movable- tongue, lips, jaw, and velum; fixed- teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate)

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45
Q

coronal sounds

A

sounds made using the tip or blade of the tongue (crown like)

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46
Q

dorsal sounds

A

speech sounds made using the rear of the tongue

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47
Q

labiodental sounds

A

top teeth touch bottom lip (“f”, “v”)

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48
Q

retroflex sounds

A

placing tongue tip near rear of alveolar ridge (sounds common in English accents of India or Pakistan)

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49
Q

palato-alveolar

A

place tongue blade just behind alveolar ridge (ex: / ʃ / “esh” and / ʒ / “zh”)

50
Q

stop

A

when air is completely blocked during speech (stop consonant) (ex: voiceless- / p /, / t /, and / k /; voiced / b /, / d /, / g /)

51
Q

tap/flap

A

tongue makes a hit on alveolar ridge (ex: “lidl”- tap vs. “little”- no tap)- tap symbol / ɾ /

52
Q

front vowels

A

produced with the tongue tip just behind the teeth (ex: / i /- high front vowel)

53
Q

back vowels

A

formed in the back of the mouth (ex: / u / “oo”- high-back vowel; / o / “oh”- low back vowel)

54
Q

what are the two classifications of mid-central vowels?

A

“Uh” (/ ᵊ /- “shwuh”, / ʌ / “wudge”) vowels and “Er” vowels (/ ɚ /- r colored shwa “her”, / ɝ right-hook reversed epsilon “shirt”

55
Q

rhoticization

A

r-coloring a sound

56
Q

monophthongs

A

vowels with only one sound quality (ex: “the fat cat sat on the flat mat”) called / æ / “ash”

57
Q

dipthong

A

vowel containing two qualities (ex: / aʊ / “ah” –> “oo” as in “cow”, “now”, “brown”- trnsition from low-front to high-back vowel quality)

58
Q

tripthong

A

sound that swings through three different vowel sounds in one vowel-like sounds

59
Q

segmental

A

vowels and consonants (together they form syllables)

60
Q

suprasegmentals

A

features larger than the individual segment- includes changes in stress and pitch (intonation/ “prosody”)

61
Q

linguistic stress

A

making a syllable louder, longer, and higher in pitch. can serve lexical (word level) functions or focus (contrastive emphasis) functions

62
Q

What causes pitch?

A

changes in the rate of buzzing of the larynx (frequency)

63
Q

markedness

A

we do not mark the more usual case- the less frequent a feature, the more marked (ex: you do not say “going to the store to get cow milk” but you DO say “going to get soy milk”)

64
Q

/ i /

A

“ee”

65
Q

/ ɪ /

A

“ih”

66
Q

/ e /

A

“ay”

67
Q

/ ɛ /

A

“eh”

68
Q

/ æ /

A

“ah” (“cat” “smash”)

69
Q

/ u /

A

“oo”

70
Q

/ ʊ /

A

“ouh” “look”

71
Q

/ o /

A

“oh”

72
Q

/ ɔ /

A

“aw” “law”

73
Q

/ ɑ /

A

“ahh”

74
Q

/ ə /

A

“uh” -unstressed (-) (schwa/shwUH)

75
Q

/ ʌ /

A

“uh” - stressed (+) (wedge/wUHdge)

76
Q

/ ɝ /

A

“ur” - stressed (+) -rhotic

77
Q

/ ɚ /

A

“ur” - unstressed (-) (rhotic schwa)

78
Q

tone languages

A

languages in which the pitch (high vs. low sound) of different syllables and words alter the meaning

79
Q

minimal pair

A

when two words differ by only one meaningful sound (ex: / bæt / “bat and / bit / “beet”)

80
Q

/ w /

A

“wuh” (“water” “won”)

81
Q

/ ʍ /

A

“hw” (“hwhich” “hwhat”)

82
Q

/ θ /

A

“th” (“theta”)- voiceless

83
Q

/ ð /

A

“thuh” (“those” “brother” “breathe”)- voiced

84
Q

/ ɧ /

A

“ng” (like “song” “sang”)

85
Q

/ ɹ /

A

English “r” sound (“rice”, “croak”)

86
Q

/ r /

A

trilled “r” (found in Spanish)

87
Q

/ l / (lower case L)

A

“luh” (“light” “leaf”)- light L found at the beginning of a syllable and is higher in pitch

88
Q

/ ɫ /

A

“L” (“waffle” “full” “call”)- dark L occurs at the end of a syllable and is lower in pitch

89
Q

/ ʒ /

A

“ezh” (“measure” “leisure”- long z sound)

90
Q

/ ʧ /

A

“ch” (“chair” “feature”)

91
Q

/ ʤ /

A

“j” (“george” “region”)

92
Q

/ j /

A

“y” (“yellow”)

93
Q

what is fundamental frequency and how is it heard?

A

the rate of pulses of the vocal chords per second and it is heard as pitch (how high or low a sound appears to be)

94
Q

about how many consonants and vowels are voiced?

A

half of the consonants and all of the vowels

95
Q

compensatory articulation

A

a talker can produce a sound in more than one way (ex: children producing / s / differently when they lose baby teeth)

96
Q

passive velum

A

the velum is acted upon by gravity and airflow

97
Q

active velum

A

a series of five muscles move the velum in different directions (palatal levitator, palatal tenser, uvulus, glossopalatine, and pharyngopalatine)

98
Q

English lax vowels

A

/ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/

99
Q

Can lax vowels occur in stressed, open syllables?

A

No, they can only occur in unstressed, closed syllables

100
Q

What are the four dimensions vowels are classified along?

A

Fronting/backing (front/center/back), tongue height (high/mid/low), lip protrusion (rounding), and rhoticity (r-coloring)

101
Q

What are the main two dimensions of vowel quality?

A

Height and tongue height

102
Q

phoneme

A

smallest systematic unit of sound that changes meaning in a language

103
Q

allophone

A

systematic variant of a phoneme that show complementary distribution (context-dependent variation)

104
Q

stress-timed languages

A

stress based on syllable structure- “heavy syllables attract more stress than “light syllables” (German, English, Dutch

105
Q

syllable-timed languages

A

stress not based on syllable structure- have simpler/lighter syllables and are more monosyllabic/rhythmic (Spanish, Hawaiian, Mandarin)

106
Q

what are the two airflow types?

A

egressive and ingressive

107
Q

egressive airflow

A

outward airflow

108
Q

ingressive airflow

A

inward airflow

109
Q

all oral stops in English are ____

A

plosives

110
Q

ejective

A

a stop made with an egressive glottalic airstream

111
Q

implosive

A

a stop made with an ingressive glottalic airstream

112
Q

the pulmonic airstream is only ______

A

egressive (outgoing airstream)

113
Q

the glottalic airstream can be ____

A

egressive or ingressive

114
Q

clicks are ______

A

velaric and ingressive

115
Q

what are the two kinds of tone languages

A

register tone and contour tone

116
Q

register tone languages

A

e.g., high, mid, low (most common)

117
Q

contour tone languages

A

include rising, falling, and dipping (w/slopes) (many Asian languages)

118
Q

states of the glottis

A

breathy voice (murmur) and creaky voice (laryngealized)

119
Q

voice onset time (VOT)

A

time interval between the release of air closure and the beginning of vocal cord vibration (voicing) (important cue for voicing for stop consonants at the beginning of syllables)

120
Q

VOT < ____ milliseconds = voiced

A

25 (long VOT voiceless, short VOT voiced)

121
Q

phonological rule

A

speech processes naturally understood by speakers and listeners

Phonetics & Phonology (1 decks)

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