Lectures Flashcards
1
Q
Prescriptive phonetics/linguistics
A
Establishment of rules defining preferred use of language (“judging what is correct/incorrect”)
2
Q
Who was Daniel Jones
A
A father of the IPA (international phonetic alphabet/association) and popularized experimental phonetics
3
Q
What were the Rousselot cylinders?
A
Machine designed by Abbé Rousselot designed to record speech sounds and articulatory information for analysis (introduction of measurement and instrumentation of phonetics)
4
Q
What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
A
a system used for transcribing speech sounds independent of any particular language and applicable to all languages
5
Q
What are 4 things the IPA can be used for?
A
- Dictionaries, textbooks, phrase books
- Creating new writing systems for previously unwritten languages
- Non-native speakers learning English
- Clinicians in SLP and related disciplines
6
Q
Phonetics
A
scientific study of speech sounds
7
Q
Phonology
A
study of sound systems, patterns, and rules (ex: automatically switching “inpossible” to “impossible” due to phonological rules)
8
Q
Linguistics
A
scientific study of language (phonetics and phonology fall under the field of linguistics)
9
Q
Grammar
A
mental representation of language knowledge (ex: internal grammar of Vietnamese)
10
Q
What are the 3 types of phonetics?
A
articulatory, acoustic, and linguistic/perceptual
11
Q
articulatory phonetics
A
how speech sounds are produced in the human vocal tract
12
Q
Acoustic phonetics
A
the physical nature of sounds
13
Q
linguistic/perceptual phonetics
A
how speech is heard by listeners
14
Q
feature
A
a component of a sound with discrete phonetic property- “smallest systematic part” of a speech sound/most basic unit in phonetics
15
Q
binary features (+ or -)
A
+ is voiced features (ex: “ahh”); - is voiceless features (ex: “ss”)
16
Q
What are the three articulatory features? (THE BIG THREE)
A
voicing, place, manner
17
Q
Voicing of articulation
A
whether a speech sound is “voiced” or “voiceless”. Property of vibrating vocal chords
18
Q
Place of articulation
A
where sound is made in the vocal tract
19
Q
Manner of articulation
A
how sound is made in the vocal tract
20
Q
examples of pilabials
A
21
Q
Adducted vocal chords
A
Fully closed vocal chords (glottal stop)
22
Q
Abducted vocal chords
A
Fully open vocal chords
23
Q
Where does voicing occur?
A
The glottis (hole in-between the vocal chords)
24
Q
What is the most important articulator?
A
Tongue
25
Labials/ bilabial sounds
Lip/ lips sounds ('mm")
26
Dental sounds
Teeth sounds (thh)
27
alveolar ridge sounds
lump behind teeth- incredibly important in production of speech sounds (alveolar consonants)- important for producing consonants
28
Palatal sounds
Hard palate sounds- /j/ "yellow"
29
Velar sounds
Velum (soft palate) sounds- regulates the nasality of speech sounds
30
Parts of the tongue
Tip (apex), blade (coronal), front, center, back (dorsal), root
31
Fricative sound
produced using friction/hissing sound (ex: / f /, / v /, / s /)
32
Affricate sound
combination of stop and fricative- affricate starts off sharply with a stop and then transitions to a hiss/fricative (ex: / tʃ / "ch ip" or "whi ch"- "ch" sound)
33
Approximant sound
two articulators approach/approximate each other and results in vocal tract forming sound without creating any hissing or blockage (ex: / l / "lake", / j / "yellow", / w / "well")
34
phonetic transcription
writing using the IPA
35
descriptive phonetics
observing how different languages and accents sound
36
General American English (GAE)
major accent of American English
37
are phonological rules explicit or implicit?
implicit- effortlessly understood
38
what is the phonological rule of assimilation?
one sound becoming more like the other (ex: "impossible" vs. "inpossible"- sounds are in very different parts of the mouth)
39
phonetician
an individual who specializes in describing and understanding speech sounds
40
source filter theory/acoustic theory of speech production
explains how speech works (where speech begins- breathy exhalation --> raw sound generated in the throat (larynx or hissing noise) - SOURCE, moving cavities/articulators shapes sound- FILTER)
41
larynx
cartilaginous structure that is responsible for making all voiced sounds (aka the voice box)
42
what is another word for a viced sound?
phonated sound
43
what is another word for speech organs?
articulators
44
what are movable vs. fixed aticulators
movable- tongue, lips, jaw, and velum; fixed- teeth, alveolar ridge, and hard palate)
45
coronal sounds
sounds made using the tip or blade of the tongue (crown like)
46
dorsal sounds
speech sounds made using the rear of the tongue
47
labiodental sounds
top teeth touch bottom lip ("f", "v")
48
retroflex sounds
placing tongue tip near rear of alveolar ridge (sounds common in English accents of India or Pakistan)
49
palato-alveolar
place tongue blade just behind alveolar ridge (ex: / ʃ / "esh" and / ʒ / "zh")
50
stop
when air is completely blocked during speech (stop consonant) (ex: voiceless- / p /, / t /, and / k /; voiced / b /, / d /, / g /)
51
tap/flap
tongue makes a hit on alveolar ridge (ex: "lidl"- tap vs. "little"- no tap)- tap symbol / ɾ /
52
front vowels
produced with the tongue tip just behind the teeth (ex: / i /- high front vowel)
53
back vowels
formed in the back of the mouth (ex: / u / "oo"- high-back vowel; / o / "oh"- low back vowel)
54
what are the two classifications of mid-central vowels?
"Uh" (/ ᵊ /- "shwuh", / ʌ / "wudge") vowels and "Er" vowels (/ ɚ /- r colored shwa "her", / ɝ right-hook reversed epsilon "shirt"
55
rhoticization
r-coloring a sound
56
monophthongs
vowels with only one sound quality (ex: "the fat cat sat on the flat mat") called / æ / "ash"
57
dipthong
vowel containing two qualities (ex: / aʊ / "ah" --> "oo" as in "cow", "now", "brown"- trnsition from low-front to high-back vowel quality)
58
tripthong
sound that swings through three different vowel sounds in one vowel-like sounds
59
segmental
vowels and consonants (together they form syllables)
60
suprasegmentals
features larger than the individual segment- includes changes in stress and pitch (intonation/ "prosody")
61
linguistic stress
making a syllable louder, longer, and higher in pitch. can serve lexical (word level) functions or focus (contrastive emphasis) functions
62
What causes pitch?
changes in the rate of buzzing of the larynx (frequency)
63
markedness
we do not mark the more usual case- the less frequent a feature, the more marked (ex: you do not say "going to the store to get cow milk" but you DO say "going to get soy milk")
64
/ i /
"ee"
65
/ ɪ /
"ih"
66
/ e /
"ay"
67
/ ɛ /
"eh"
68
/ æ /
"ah" ("cat" "smash")
69
/ u /
"oo"
70
/ ʊ /
"ouh" "look"
71
/ o /
"oh"
72
/ ɔ /
"aw" "law"
73
/ ɑ /
"ahh"
74
/ ə /
"uh" -unstressed (-) (schwa/shwUH)
75
/ ʌ /
"uh" - stressed (+) (wedge/wUHdge)
76
/ ɝ /
"ur" - stressed (+) -rhotic
77
/ ɚ /
"ur" - unstressed (-) (rhotic schwa)
78
tone languages
languages in which the pitch (high vs. low sound) of different syllables and words alter the meaning
79
minimal pair
when two words differ by only one meaningful sound (ex: / bæt / "bat and / bit / "beet")
80
/ w /
"wuh" ("water" "won")
81
/ ʍ /
"hw" ("hwhich" "hwhat")
82
/ θ /
"th" ("theta")- voiceless
83
/ ð /
"thuh" ("those" "brother" "breathe")- voiced
84
/ ɧ /
"ng" (like "song" "sang")
85
/ ɹ /
English "r" sound ("rice", "croak")
86
/ r /
trilled "r" (found in Spanish)
87
/ l / (lower case L)
"luh" ("light" "leaf")- light L found at the beginning of a syllable and is higher in pitch
88
/ ɫ /
"L" ("waffle" "full" "call")- dark L occurs at the end of a syllable and is lower in pitch
89
/ ʒ /
"ezh" ("measure" "leisure"- long z sound)
90
/ ʧ /
"ch" ("chair" "feature")
91
/ ʤ /
"j" ("george" "region")
92
/ j /
"y" ("yellow")
93
what is fundamental frequency and how is it heard?
the rate of pulses of the vocal chords per second and it is heard as pitch (how high or low a sound appears to be)
94
about how many consonants and vowels are voiced?
half of the consonants and all of the vowels
95
compensatory articulation
a talker can produce a sound in more than one way (ex: children producing / s / differently when they lose baby teeth)
96
passive velum
the velum is acted upon by gravity and airflow
97
active velum
a series of five muscles move the velum in different directions (palatal levitator, palatal tenser, uvulus, glossopalatine, and pharyngopalatine)
98
English lax vowels
/ɪ/, /ɛ/, /æ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/
99
Can lax vowels occur in stressed, open syllables?
No, they can only occur in unstressed, closed syllables
100
What are the four dimensions vowels are classified along?
Fronting/backing (front/center/back), tongue height (high/mid/low), lip protrusion (rounding), and rhoticity (r-coloring)
101
What are the main two dimensions of vowel quality?
Height and tongue height
102
phoneme
smallest systematic unit of sound that changes meaning in a language
103
allophone
systematic variant of a phoneme that show complementary distribution (context-dependent variation)
104
stress-timed languages
stress based on syllable structure- "heavy syllables attract more stress than "light syllables" (German, English, Dutch
105
syllable-timed languages
stress not based on syllable structure- have simpler/lighter syllables and are more monosyllabic/rhythmic (Spanish, Hawaiian, Mandarin)
106
what are the two airflow types?
egressive and ingressive
107
egressive airflow
outward airflow
108
ingressive airflow
inward airflow
109
all oral stops in English are ____
plosives
110
ejective
a stop made with an egressive glottalic airstream
111
implosive
a stop made with an ingressive glottalic airstream
112
the pulmonic airstream is only ______
egressive (outgoing airstream)
113
the glottalic airstream can be ____
egressive or ingressive
114
clicks are ______
velaric and ingressive
115
what are the two kinds of tone languages
register tone and contour tone
116
register tone languages
e.g., high, mid, low (most common)
117
contour tone languages
include rising, falling, and dipping (w/slopes) (many Asian languages)
118
states of the glottis
breathy voice (murmur) and creaky voice (laryngealized)
119
voice onset time (VOT)
time interval between the release of air closure and the beginning of vocal cord vibration (voicing) (important cue for voicing for stop consonants at the beginning of syllables)
120
VOT < ____ milliseconds = voiced
25 (long VOT voiceless, short VOT voiced)
121
phonological rule
speech processes naturally understood by speakers and listeners
