Lectures 10-12 Flashcards
What is the role of albumin in the blood?
Albumin: carries acidic (negatively charged) and neutral drugs
* 50% of human plasma protein; ~80% of oncotic pressure of blood
* Normally binds water, cations, bilirubin, fatty acids, and hormones
What is the role of Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein?
Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid, ORM): binds basic (positively-charged) drugs
Describe the function and structure of hemoglobin. How many oxygens bind? What is in the center?
Why is Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca) important in the clotting cascade?
How much of the total body weight does blood make up? Is blood connective tissue and what is hematopoiesis?
- Blood makes up ~8% of total body weight
- The body contains ~ 5 liters of blood, approximately 50% of this is water
- Blood is a type of connective tissue, cells suspended in non-living matrix (plasma)
- Hematopoiesisthe the process that produces blood cells (Bone marrow)
What are some important roles of blood in the body?
Describe hematopoiesis.
What are certain factors that affect O2 binding to hemoglobin?
A lower partial pressure of O2 causes the release of O2 from hemoglobin (aka in areas where O2 has a low concentration O2 is going to get off the hemoglobin to oxygenate it)
Compare and contrast the muscle types. What is specific to the heart muscles compared to other muscles?
Describe the route of the conduction system throughout the heart.
What are determinants to the resting membrane potential of cardiac cells?
-Most cardiac cells maintain a resting transmembrane potential of -80 to -90 mV negative to the interior.
Asymmetry due to:
1)Na+/K+ ATPase (<5%)
2)Fixed anionic charges in the cell (PS, proteins, etc)
3)Free permeability to K+ ([K]o is the major determinant of RMP) RMP near the Nernst potential for K+
Describe cardiac action potentials and how they work (Slow vs Fast).
Describe the propagation of an action potential through the heart.
What is cardiac excitation contraction coupling, describe the overall process sand what it means.
Basically cardiac excitation contraction coupling is the process of electrical excitation of the myocyte to contract the heart in order to expel blood. Ca2+ plays an important role as the secondary messenger in cardiac electrical activity.
Summarize Ca2+ in handling the cardiac myocyte.
An action potential comes through and facilitates the release of Ca2+ onto the cardiac myocytes of the heart and with the influx in Ca2+ concentration we have in increase in contractility (increase in tension) allowing us to expel blood from the heart.
Describe EKG waves in healthy people. What are P, PR, QRS, T, QT, and ST segment.
Describe a P wave and where it takes place on an EKG.
What is a PR interval and where does it take place on an EKG?
What is the QRS complex and where does it take place on an EKG?
What is the ST segment and where does it take place on the EKG?
What does the T wave represent and at what part of the EKG graph does it occur?
Why is the T wave positive?
The T wave represents ventricular repolarization, but there is a positive deflection meaning that the last cells to depolarize along the ventricle are also the first to repolarize. Meaning the outer parts (apical) portions of the heart repolarize before the inner portions so the overall vector is towards the apex of the heart during repolarization hence it is positive.
What is the Q-T interval and what part of the EKG graph is it on?
What is atrial fibrillations and what does it look like on an EKG?
Dysregulated, random depolarization and contraction of the atrial tissue
What is 1° AV node block?
Conduction from atria to ventricles is delayed
What is 3° AV node block?
Conduction from atria to ventricles completely blocked
What is the cardiac cycle? What is systole and diastole?
What is the wiggers diagram, identify all the parts of closing and opening. (Brother just turn da slide over study it and keep turning it back and forth till you get it down)
What are pressure volume loops?
What happens in phase I: The Period of Filling?
What happens in phase II: Isovolumic contraction?
What happens in phase III: Period of ejection?
What happens in phase IV: Isovolumic relaxation?
What is the stroke volume and the ejection fraction?
What is preload and how does it relate to the frank-starling relationship?
What does increasing EDV do to contraction?
Increasing EDV causes a proportional increase in force contraction.
What is preload determined by?
Preload is determined by venous return of blood in the heart
What is afterload and what does it do? How does it relate to preload?
Describe contractility and the role Ca2+ has on it.
What is cardiac output? What is the calculation for it?
Describe the cardiac function curve and its effect of preload.
Describe the cardiac function curve and its effect of afterload
Describe the cardiac function curve and its effect of contractility.
Summarize the 4 main factors that influence cardiac output.
Describe artery structure and function.
Describe the quantitative hemodynamics and the velocity of blood flow.
Describe flow pressure and resistance in blood flow.
What is the Poiseuille Equation? Just know what it means you don’t need to know.
What are determinants of Blood Flow and the Poiseuille–Hagen formula?
What are sites of solute and solvent exchange?
Where is most of the blood found in the venous system?
What is veneous capacitance and what is it a major determinant of?
What is systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure?
What is mean arterial blood presssure?
Describe the baroceptor reflex and how it controls blood pressure.
-Sensory receptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch sense MABP changes
-PIEZO ion channels play a major role
-Increased firing causes nerve signals to be transmitted to the brain
-Sensory afferent information integrated within the nucleus tractus solitarius
-Increased parasympathetic outflow to heart via vagus nerve
-Result is reduced heart rate (negative chronotropic effect)
-Effect mediated by M2 receptors in SA/AV nodes
-Increased NTS activity leads to GABAergic signaling to the rostral ventrolateral medulla
-Sympathetic nervous system outflow is thereby reduced
-β1 receptors mediate sympathetic nervous system activity in the heart
-α1,α2 receptors mediate sympathetic nervous system activity in the blood vessels
-Reduced MABP causes the opposite changes:
-Reduced vagal outflow (increased HR)
-Increased sympathetic outflow (↑ HR and force of contraction, ↑ venous return, ↑ TPR)
Explain some regional controls of blood flow.
What are some long term controls of blood pressure?
