Lectures 1 - 9 Flashcards
Are prions living?
DEF: misfolded proteins that transmit misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein.
- no DNA (still able to replicate) so not living.
what are the 2 main phases of glycolysis
Preparatory and Payoff
what is the net output of ATP from glycolysis
2 ATP (per glucose molecule). 2 are consumed in the preparatory phase and 4 are produced in the payoff
Are viruses living?
Pros: contain nucleic acid, viruses can replicate evolve and adapt to the environment.
Cons: cannot independently replicate (reply on host cell), do not contain metabolic processes to be considered “alive”.
what are the products of glycolysis
pyruvate, water, protons (H+), ATP and NADH
What forces created life on Earth?
- formed spontaneously on Earth.
- extra-terrestrial origin - life from another planet (panspermia).
what are the products of the krebs cycle
GTP, NADH, FADH2, CO2
what are the 2 parts of oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
What is a protocell?
Formed from fatty acids
1. hydrophobic tale (no water)
2. hydrophilic head (water-loving)
Form membranes - that created conditions for molecules/bases (DNA/RNA) to form.
where does the high concentration of protons build up during the electron transport chain
the intermembrane space
What are the 4 parts to cell theory?
- cells = fundamental units of life.
- all living organisms = comprised of cells.
- all cells come from pre-existing cells.
- modern cells evolve from a common ancestor (change from lipid layer to fully functional cell).
what inhibits the activity of phosphofructokinase
a high concentration of ATP
define metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time
what is a reaction that produces energy called
exergonic
what is a reaction that consumes energy called
endergonic
what is a catabolic reaction
a reaction that breaks down large, complex molecules into smaller ones, often releasing energy
What do the similarities between living organisms represent?
- All life on Earth has a common ancestor (protocell - formed, replicate, fully functioning cell).
- the process of evolution
- conservation held across
- same genetic code, chemical composition & cellular structure (biochem unity of life).
- 1st protocell –> creates all cells today.
what is an anabolic reaction
a reaction that builds up smaller molecules to form more complex
what is the enzyme responsible for the production of ATP
ATP synthase
What did Charles Darwin propose?
Evolution occurs by natural selection (selection pressures).
Variation –> Differential Reproduction –> Evolution
What happened to life on Earth when liquid water became present?
Water = ‘matrix of life’/universal solvent.
Life arose shortly after liquid water became abundant on Earth.
What is the Cambrian Explosion?
- rapid diversification of life, most animal groups arose.
- e.g. stromatolites, fossilized cyanobacteria.
What are the 4 different macromolecules?
- Nucleic Acid
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides
