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Kasaysayan 1 > Lectures 1-7: Midterms > Flashcards

Lectures 1-7: Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the term ‘history’?

A

Derived from the ancient Greek ‘ἱστορία’ (historia); knowledge obtained from inquiry or investigation.

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2
Q

What are the three elements that define history?

A
  • Time
  • Place
  • People
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3
Q

What is a historical source?

A

Any material that provides information about the past.

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4
Q

How do historians evaluate historical sources?

A

Through a process called historical criticism, which includes external and internal criticism.

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5
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary historical sources?

A
  • Primary: Directly connected to the event being studied
  • Secondary: Borrow information from primary sources and provide interpretation
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6
Q

What is historical criticism?

A

A method used by historians to ascertain the reliability and authenticity of historical sources.

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7
Q

What are the two levels of historical criticism?

A
  • External (surface) criticism
  • Internal (higher) criticism
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8
Q

What does external criticism identify?

A

The provenance, purpose, physical attributes, and originality of the source.

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9
Q

What does internal criticism focus on?

A

Extracting information and understanding it in its original context, identifying bias or prejudice.

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10
Q

What is a historical model?

A

Diagrams that illustrate the flow and development of historical events.

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11
Q

What are the three main types of historical models?

A
  • Linear
  • Cyclical
  • Spiral
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12
Q

What is geographical determinism?

A

The belief that geography has a strong influence on people and their history.

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13
Q

What are the main theories explaining the peopling of the Philippines?

A
  • Waves of Migration Theory
  • Core Population Theory
  • Austronesian Migration Theory
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14
Q

What does the Waves of Migration Theory propose?

A

Distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, Indones, and Malay) led to cultural and physical differences among Filipinos.

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15
Q

What is the Core Population Theory?

A

Proposes a ‘core population’ developed independently in the Philippines before external influences.

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16
Q

What does the Austronesian Migration Theory suggest?

A

All present-day native Austronesian speakers descended from a single ancestor called the proto-Austronesians.

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17
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘barangay’?

A

A sociopolitical organization in precolonial Philippines, known as kampong in Mindanao.

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18
Q

What were the main social classes in the barangay?

A
  • Nobles (maginoo/kadatoan)
  • Commoners (maharlika/timawa)
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19
Q

What were the roles of the nobles in the barangay?

A

Wealthiest and most powerful, led by a datu (chieftain) and included the binukot (secluded maiden).

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20
Q

What is the Great Men Theory?

A

The idea that history is largely a record of the biographies of great men.

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21
Q

True or False: History is static and does not change over time.

A

False; history is never final and can be revised.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The study of precolonial Philippines is difficult due to the lack of _______.

A

[written sources]

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23
Q

What is the Annales School known for?

A

Introducing ‘nouvelle histoire’ and expanding history to include social and cultural aspects.

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24
Q

What is the role of geography in historical scholarship?

A

Geography is crucial for understanding historical contexts and influences.

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25
Q

What is the primary method of the Annales School?

A

Borrowing methods and ideas from other social sciences.

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26
Q

What is the term for the wealthiest and most powerful social class in the barangay system?

A

Kadatoan

The kadatoan were led by the datu and had honorific titles such as ginoo and poon.

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27
Q

What are the titles given to princesses in the barangay system?

A

Binukot

The binukot refers to secluded maidens within the kadatoan class.

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28
Q

What is the term for commoners in Luzon and the Visayas?

A

Maharlika (Luzon) and Timawa (Visayas)

These commoners were debtless and paid taxes called buwis to the datu.

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29
Q

What was the role of the babaylan in the barangay?

A

Priestess

The babaylan performed rituals to appease deities and acted as mediators between the physical and spiritual realms.

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30
Q

What is the term for slaves in Luzon and the Visayas?

A

Alipin (Luzon) and Oripun (Visayas)

Slavery was not permanent and was guided by contracts.

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31
Q

True or False: The social stratification in the barangay allowed for social mobility.

A

True

This structure enabled individuals to move between social classes.

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32
Q

What was the primary belief system in the barangay concerning deities?

A

Polytheism

The people believed in powerful higher beings known as anito or diwata, often associated with nature.

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33
Q

Who were the benevolent deities in the barangay culture?

A

Anito or diwata

These deities were often anthropomorphic and connected to nature.

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34
Q

What is the common term for malevolent beings that could transform in the barangay?

A

Aswang

The aswang are shapeshifters that could cause harm and were associated with various forms of witchcraft.

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35
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘arkan al-Islam’?

A

Five Pillars of Islam

These pillars include Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajj, which are fundamental practices for Muslims.

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36
Q

What does the term ‘Shahada’ refer to in Islam?

A

Testimony

It involves reciting the two most important beliefs of the religion.

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37
Q

Fill in the blank: The pilgrimage to Mecca is known as _______.

A

Hajj

Hajj is required at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime if they are able.

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38
Q

What was the first sultanate established?

A

Sultanate of Malacca

This sultanate was established after Islam was introduced to the region.

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39
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘Hispanization’ in the context of the Philippines?

A

The process of cultural change due to Spanish colonization

This occurred after the initial Islamization of the Philippines.

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40
Q

What economic theory dominated during the Age of Discovery?

A

Mercantilism

This theory emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of wealth.

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41
Q

What was the primary motivation behind European expansionism during the Age of Discovery?

A

Search for new trade routes and resources

Spices were particularly sought after during this time.

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42
Q

What was the dominant economic theory during the Age of Discovery?

A

Mercantilism

Mercantilism emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of a country’s wealth.

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43
Q

What were Europeans primarily searching for during the Age of Exploration?

A

Spices from the Moluccas

The Moluccas are located in present-day Indonesia.

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44
Q

What is the patronato real?

A

Royal patronage agreement between kingdoms and the Vatican

This agreement allowed monarchs to control church resources and missionary appointments.

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45
Q

What major event in 1453 impacted European exploration efforts?

A

Fall of Constantinople

The fall led to the closing of the Silk Road, prompting Europeans to seek new trade routes.

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46
Q

Name three advancements that facilitated exploration during the Age of Discovery.

A
  • More accurate navigational tools (compass, sextant, telescopes)
  • Development of the printing press
  • Rise of banking families

These advancements provided explorers with necessary resources and information.

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47
Q

Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?

A

Bartolomeu Diaz

This marked a significant milestone in maritime exploration.

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48
Q

What was significant about Vasco da Gama’s journey in 1498?

A

He established a complete sea route from Europe to Asia

This route was known as the Carreira da India.

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49
Q

Who was the first explorer to attempt to reach Asia by sailing west?

A

Christopher Columbus

Columbus reached the New World in 1492.

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50
Q

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

To divide the world into two halves for Spain and Portugal

This treaty aimed to avoid territorial conflicts between the two nations.

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51
Q

What was the outcome of Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition?

A

First circumnavigation of the world

This expedition proved the world is spherical and established a westward route to Asia.

52
Q

What were the names of the two significant treaties that defined territorial claims between Spain and Portugal?

A
  • Treaty of Tordesillas
  • Treaty of Zaragoza

The Treaty of Zaragoza completed the division of the world into two parts.

53
Q

What were the outcomes of Magellan’s expedition for Spain?

A
  • Renewed claims over the Moluccas
  • Legal claims to Asian territories
  • Evidence of a westward route to Asia

These outcomes encouraged further Spanish expeditions.

54
Q

What was the significance of the Urdaneta Passage?

A

Connected the Philippines and Mexico

This route was crucial for Spanish governance and trade between the two regions.

55
Q

In what year was Manila declared a Spanish colony?

A

1571

The city was renamed Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila.

56
Q

What factors contributed to Manila being chosen as the capital of the Philippines?

A
  • Wealth
  • Population density
  • Favorable geographic characteristics

Proximity to China and distance from southern enemies were also key factors.

57
Q

What were the new social classes introduced by the Spanish in the Philippines?

A

To be determined based on further context

Understanding the social structure is crucial for grasping colonial impacts.

58
Q

True or False: The Spanish colonial government established the reducción system to create plazas.

A

True

The reducción system aimed to consolidate and control the indigenous population.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The Battle of _______ led to the defeat of Rajah Sulayman’s forces.

A

Manila

This battle was a significant event in the establishment of Spanish rule.

60
Q

What was Manila known as during the Spanish period?

A

The settlement within the walls or Intramuros

The term ‘Intramuros’ refers to the historical fortified city of Manila.

61
Q

What were the suburbs outside Intramuros collectively called?

A

Manila’s arrabales

‘Arrabales’ translates to suburbs or outskirts.

62
Q

List the main defensive structures of Manila during the Spanish period.

A
  • Walls (muros)
  • Citadels (baluartes)
  • Gates (puertas)
  • Moats (fosos)

These structures were part of the city’s defense system.

63
Q

What type of streets were constructed in Manila to accommodate horse-drawn carriages?

A

Paved with cobblestones

Cobblestone streets facilitated faster travel.

64
Q

What significant buildings were located within Intramuros?

A
  • Churches
  • Schools
  • Governor’s palace (Palacio del Gobernador)
  • City hall (Ayuntamiento)

These institutions were typical of European city layouts.

65
Q

What was Tondo known as during the Spanish colonial period?

A

The fishermen’s village (pueblo de los pescadores)

Tondo had a native population called indios.

66
Q

What was the name of the village in Sampaloc known for its Japanese migrants?

A

Pueblo dilao

This name reflects the presence of Japanese migrants escaping the Tokugawa Shogunate.

67
Q

Where was the commercial center of the region located during the Spanish period?

A

Binondo

Binondo was also where baptized Chinese were found.

68
Q

What was the area called where non-Christian Chinese were forced to reside?

A

Parian

The term ‘chinos infieles’ refers to non-Christian Chinese.

69
Q

Name four barangays developed as Spanish cities.

A
  • Vigan (Villa Fernandina, 1572)
  • Naga (Ciudad de Nueva Caceres, 1575)
  • Iloilo (Villa Rica de Arevalo, 1581)
  • Zamboanga (Real Fuerza de San Jose, 1635)

These barangays were well-populated and organized, making them suitable for transformation into cities.

70
Q

What royal decree did Philip II issue in 1573 regarding Spanish colonial towns?

A

Towns should be near the coast or river with a port, have access to forests, and follow a grid pattern

This decree aimed to standardize town planning.

71
Q

What was the purpose of the reducción system proposed by Juan de Plasencia?

A

To move the native population from their barangays to Spanish-built towns

The aim was to facilitate tax collection, conversion to Catholicism, and better governance.

72
Q

What were the four main benefits the Spanish sought from the reducción system?

A
  • Collect taxes efficiently
  • Convert non-Spanish to Catholicism
  • Access native manpower
  • Police the movement of people

This system was initially rejected by the natives.

73
Q

What was the centerpiece of the towns that attracted natives to move into pueblos?

A

The plaza

The plaza contained essential buildings and was a gathering space for the community.

74
Q

What are some examples of plazas in the Philippines?

A
  • Plaza Roma (Manila)
  • Plaza Argao (Argao, Cebu)
  • Plaza Binondo (Binondo)

Plazas served as community centers in colonial towns.

75
Q

What terms were used to describe law-abiding residents of the pueblos?

A
  • Taga-loob (insiders)
  • Bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell)

These terms contrasted with those who remained outside.

76
Q

What social class was at the top of the Spanish colonial hierarchy?

A

Peninsulares

The peninsulares were full-blooded Spanish born in Spain.

77
Q

What role did the Gobernador-General serve in the Philippines?

A

Chief justice, captain of the colonial army, manager of Galleon Trade

The Gobernador-General was appointed by the King and held significant power.

78
Q

What was the function of the Consejo de Indias?

A

To manage colonies and write colonial laws

Established by King Charles V in 1524.

79
Q

What was the highest position in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?

A

Governador-General

This position was only open to peninsulares.

80
Q

What was the role of the alcalde mayor or corregidor in the provinces?

A

Head of local police and head judge of provincial courts

They were responsible for tax collection and local governance.

81
Q

What was the smallest political unit during the Spanish period?

A

Barrio or village

The barrio was ruled by a cabeza de barangay.

82
Q

What was the indulto de comercio?

A

License to trade

This privilege allowed alcaldes to participate in local trading.

83
Q

What is the role of the cabeza de barangay?

A

Village Head

The cabeza de barangay was a native appointed by the colonial government.

84
Q

What were the two specific duties of the gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay?

A
  • Drafting laborers for polo y servicio
  • Collecting taxes from colonial subjects
85
Q

What was the compensation for the cabeza de barangay?

A

2 Mexican pesos per year and tax exemption

86
Q

How did the colonial government justify taxation?

A

To raise funds for maintaining colonies, military campaigns, assisting the Catholic Church, and replenishing the royal treasury.

87
Q

Who were encomenderos?

A

Individuals (peninsulares) who collected taxes from colonial subjects on behalf of the government.

88
Q

What were the duties of an encomendero?

A
  • Protect people from invasions
  • Maintain peace and order
  • Assist friars in Christianizing non-Spanish
89
Q

What was the polo y servicios?

A

System of community forced labor requiring colonial subjects to work for the government for 40 days per year.

90
Q

Fill in the blank: The annual forced sale of goods from taxpayers to the government was called _______.

A

bandala

91
Q

What were the exemptions from the polo y servicios?

A
  • Members of the principalia
  • Soldiers
  • Students
  • Sick or crippled individuals
  • Those who paid an additional tax (falla)
92
Q

What was the Galleon Trade?

A

Trade system between the Philippines and Mexico starting in 1565.

93
Q

How many galleons were allowed to trade between the Philippines and Mexico per year?

A

Two galleons

94
Q

What were the primary products sent from Manila to Mexico?

A
  • Silk
  • Porcelain
  • Jade
  • Gunpowder
  • Spices
  • Mangoes
  • Coconut
  • Rice
95
Q

What was the situado?

A

Mexico’s annual subsidy for the colonial government of the Philippines amounting to 300,000 pesos.

96
Q

What was the composition of the basic tax called tribut?

A

15 reales in the 19th century

97
Q

True or False: The Galleon Trade was considered very safe for its participants.

A

False

98
Q

What was the impact of the Galleon Trade on globalization?

A

One of the earliest traces of globalization by connecting three continents.

99
Q

What was the first mass celebrated in the Philippines?

A

Celebrated in Mazaua (Limasawa, Southern Leyte) on 31 March.

100
Q

What was the outcome of the Magellan expedition regarding Christianity?

A

Christianization was halted after the Battle of Mactan.

101
Q

What was the role of the government in the conversion process during the early colonial period?

A

Assisted in propagating Catholicism among natives and non-Spanish groups.

102
Q

Fill in the blank: The collection of taxes was done annually and per _______.

A

household

103
Q

What significant event halted the Christianization process in the Philippines in 1521?

A

The Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed.

104
Q

When did the Christianization of the Philippines resume?

A

In 1565, with the Legazpi expedition taking Cebu.

105
Q

Name three major churches built during the early years of Christianization in the Philippines.

A
  • Basilica Menor del Santo Niño in Cebu (1565)
  • Manila Cathedral (1571)
  • San Agustin Church in Manila (1607)
106
Q

Who primarily spearheaded the conversion of people to Catholicism in the Philippines?

A

Regular clergy, including friars, monks, and priests from religious orders.

107
Q

List five religious orders involved in the early Christianization of the Philippines and their founding years.

A
  • Augustinians (1565)
  • Franciscans (1577)
  • Jesuits (1581)
  • Dominicans (1587)
  • Recollects (1606)
108
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of Christianization often led to ______ due to native resistance.

A

violence

109
Q

What was the strategy used by missionaries to convert the nobility in the Philippines?

A

Targeting members of the nobility and educating their children in Spanish schools.

110
Q

What was the Doctrina Christiana?

A

A book used for religious instruction in the early years of Christianization.

111
Q

What did the friars vilify in the precolonial belief system?

A

Babaylan

112
Q

True or False: The introduction of Catholicism did not result in any changes to society in the Philippines.

A

False

113
Q

What were the two Philippine regions that successfully resisted Spanish colonialism?

A
  • Mindanao
  • Cordilleras
114
Q

What was the motivation behind the Spanish annexation of the Philippines?

A

A civilizing mission guided by Christianity.

115
Q

What concept from Islam allowed sultans in Mindanao to organize armies against the Spanish?

A

Jihad

116
Q

What was the strategy called that the Spanish used to establish settlements in the Cordilleras?

A

Misiones vivas

117
Q

What factors contributed to the failure of Spanish colonization in the Cordilleras?

A
  • Complex mountainous topography
  • Ygolotes’ tendency to relocate
  • Headhunting practices
118
Q

Describe the nature of revolts expressed by natives who accepted the colonial order.

A

Poorly coordinated, confined to small areas, and directed against specific policies.

119
Q

Who led the Tagalog Revolt in Manila in 1574?

A

Sulayman and Lakandula

120
Q

What was the outcome of the Tondo Conspiracy in 1587?

A

The plan was revealed to authorities, leading to its failure.

121
Q

What was the Tamblot Revolt in 1621 about?

A

A revolt led by the bayugin Tamblot against the colonizers.

122
Q

Fill in the blank: The Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt occurred in ______.

A

Tayabas, 1841

123
Q

What economic reasons motivated many revolts during the Spanish colonial period?

A

Harsh policies of taxation and forced labor.

124
Q

Who led the Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt in Ilocos in 1762?

A

Diego Silang

125
Q

What happened to Diego Silang after he was proclaimed alcalde-mayor?

A

He was betrayed and killed.

Kasaysayan 1 (2 decks)

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