Lectures 1-7: Midterms Flashcards
What is the origin of the term ‘history’?
Derived from the ancient Greek ‘ἱστορία’ (historia); knowledge obtained from inquiry or investigation.
What are the three elements that define history?
- Time
- Place
- People
What is a historical source?
Any material that provides information about the past.
How do historians evaluate historical sources?
Through a process called historical criticism, which includes external and internal criticism.
What is the difference between primary and secondary historical sources?
- Primary: Directly connected to the event being studied
- Secondary: Borrow information from primary sources and provide interpretation
What is historical criticism?
A method used by historians to ascertain the reliability and authenticity of historical sources.
What are the two levels of historical criticism?
- External (surface) criticism
- Internal (higher) criticism
What does external criticism identify?
The provenance, purpose, physical attributes, and originality of the source.
What does internal criticism focus on?
Extracting information and understanding it in its original context, identifying bias or prejudice.
What is a historical model?
Diagrams that illustrate the flow and development of historical events.
What are the three main types of historical models?
- Linear
- Cyclical
- Spiral
What is geographical determinism?
The belief that geography has a strong influence on people and their history.
What are the main theories explaining the peopling of the Philippines?
- Waves of Migration Theory
- Core Population Theory
- Austronesian Migration Theory
What does the Waves of Migration Theory propose?
Distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, Indones, and Malay) led to cultural and physical differences among Filipinos.
What is the Core Population Theory?
Proposes a ‘core population’ developed independently in the Philippines before external influences.
What does the Austronesian Migration Theory suggest?
All present-day native Austronesian speakers descended from a single ancestor called the proto-Austronesians.
What is the significance of the term ‘barangay’?
A sociopolitical organization in precolonial Philippines, known as kampong in Mindanao.
What were the main social classes in the barangay?
- Nobles (maginoo/kadatoan)
- Commoners (maharlika/timawa)
What were the roles of the nobles in the barangay?
Wealthiest and most powerful, led by a datu (chieftain) and included the binukot (secluded maiden).
What is the Great Men Theory?
The idea that history is largely a record of the biographies of great men.
True or False: History is static and does not change over time.
False; history is never final and can be revised.
Fill in the blank: The study of precolonial Philippines is difficult due to the lack of _______.
[written sources]
What is the Annales School known for?
Introducing ‘nouvelle histoire’ and expanding history to include social and cultural aspects.
What is the role of geography in historical scholarship?
Geography is crucial for understanding historical contexts and influences.
What is the primary method of the Annales School?
Borrowing methods and ideas from other social sciences.
What is the term for the wealthiest and most powerful social class in the barangay system?
Kadatoan
The kadatoan were led by the datu and had honorific titles such as ginoo and poon.
What are the titles given to princesses in the barangay system?
Binukot
The binukot refers to secluded maidens within the kadatoan class.
What is the term for commoners in Luzon and the Visayas?
Maharlika (Luzon) and Timawa (Visayas)
These commoners were debtless and paid taxes called buwis to the datu.
What was the role of the babaylan in the barangay?
Priestess
The babaylan performed rituals to appease deities and acted as mediators between the physical and spiritual realms.
What is the term for slaves in Luzon and the Visayas?
Alipin (Luzon) and Oripun (Visayas)
Slavery was not permanent and was guided by contracts.
True or False: The social stratification in the barangay allowed for social mobility.
True
This structure enabled individuals to move between social classes.
What was the primary belief system in the barangay concerning deities?
Polytheism
The people believed in powerful higher beings known as anito or diwata, often associated with nature.
Who were the benevolent deities in the barangay culture?
Anito or diwata
These deities were often anthropomorphic and connected to nature.
What is the common term for malevolent beings that could transform in the barangay?
Aswang
The aswang are shapeshifters that could cause harm and were associated with various forms of witchcraft.
What is the significance of the term ‘arkan al-Islam’?
Five Pillars of Islam
These pillars include Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajj, which are fundamental practices for Muslims.
What does the term ‘Shahada’ refer to in Islam?
Testimony
It involves reciting the two most important beliefs of the religion.
Fill in the blank: The pilgrimage to Mecca is known as _______.
Hajj
Hajj is required at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime if they are able.
What was the first sultanate established?
Sultanate of Malacca
This sultanate was established after Islam was introduced to the region.
What is the significance of the term ‘Hispanization’ in the context of the Philippines?
The process of cultural change due to Spanish colonization
This occurred after the initial Islamization of the Philippines.
What economic theory dominated during the Age of Discovery?
Mercantilism
This theory emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of wealth.
What was the primary motivation behind European expansionism during the Age of Discovery?
Search for new trade routes and resources
Spices were particularly sought after during this time.
What was the dominant economic theory during the Age of Discovery?
Mercantilism
Mercantilism emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of a country’s wealth.
What were Europeans primarily searching for during the Age of Exploration?
Spices from the Moluccas
The Moluccas are located in present-day Indonesia.
What is the patronato real?
Royal patronage agreement between kingdoms and the Vatican
This agreement allowed monarchs to control church resources and missionary appointments.
What major event in 1453 impacted European exploration efforts?
Fall of Constantinople
The fall led to the closing of the Silk Road, prompting Europeans to seek new trade routes.
Name three advancements that facilitated exploration during the Age of Discovery.
- More accurate navigational tools (compass, sextant, telescopes)
- Development of the printing press
- Rise of banking families
These advancements provided explorers with necessary resources and information.
Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
Bartolomeu Diaz
This marked a significant milestone in maritime exploration.
What was significant about Vasco da Gama’s journey in 1498?
He established a complete sea route from Europe to Asia
This route was known as the Carreira da India.
Who was the first explorer to attempt to reach Asia by sailing west?
Christopher Columbus
Columbus reached the New World in 1492.
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
To divide the world into two halves for Spain and Portugal
This treaty aimed to avoid territorial conflicts between the two nations.
What was the outcome of Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition?
First circumnavigation of the world
This expedition proved the world is spherical and established a westward route to Asia.
What were the names of the two significant treaties that defined territorial claims between Spain and Portugal?
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Treaty of Zaragoza
The Treaty of Zaragoza completed the division of the world into two parts.
What were the outcomes of Magellan’s expedition for Spain?
- Renewed claims over the Moluccas
- Legal claims to Asian territories
- Evidence of a westward route to Asia
These outcomes encouraged further Spanish expeditions.
What was the significance of the Urdaneta Passage?
Connected the Philippines and Mexico
This route was crucial for Spanish governance and trade between the two regions.
In what year was Manila declared a Spanish colony?
1571
The city was renamed Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila.
What factors contributed to Manila being chosen as the capital of the Philippines?
- Wealth
- Population density
- Favorable geographic characteristics
Proximity to China and distance from southern enemies were also key factors.
What were the new social classes introduced by the Spanish in the Philippines?
To be determined based on further context
Understanding the social structure is crucial for grasping colonial impacts.
True or False: The Spanish colonial government established the reducción system to create plazas.
True
The reducción system aimed to consolidate and control the indigenous population.
Fill in the blank: The Battle of _______ led to the defeat of Rajah Sulayman’s forces.
Manila
This battle was a significant event in the establishment of Spanish rule.
What was Manila known as during the Spanish period?
The settlement within the walls or Intramuros
The term ‘Intramuros’ refers to the historical fortified city of Manila.
What were the suburbs outside Intramuros collectively called?
Manila’s arrabales
‘Arrabales’ translates to suburbs or outskirts.
List the main defensive structures of Manila during the Spanish period.
- Walls (muros)
- Citadels (baluartes)
- Gates (puertas)
- Moats (fosos)
These structures were part of the city’s defense system.
What type of streets were constructed in Manila to accommodate horse-drawn carriages?
Paved with cobblestones
Cobblestone streets facilitated faster travel.
What significant buildings were located within Intramuros?
- Churches
- Schools
- Governor’s palace (Palacio del Gobernador)
- City hall (Ayuntamiento)
These institutions were typical of European city layouts.
What was Tondo known as during the Spanish colonial period?
The fishermen’s village (pueblo de los pescadores)
Tondo had a native population called indios.
What was the name of the village in Sampaloc known for its Japanese migrants?
Pueblo dilao
This name reflects the presence of Japanese migrants escaping the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Where was the commercial center of the region located during the Spanish period?
Binondo
Binondo was also where baptized Chinese were found.
What was the area called where non-Christian Chinese were forced to reside?
Parian
The term ‘chinos infieles’ refers to non-Christian Chinese.
Name four barangays developed as Spanish cities.
- Vigan (Villa Fernandina, 1572)
- Naga (Ciudad de Nueva Caceres, 1575)
- Iloilo (Villa Rica de Arevalo, 1581)
- Zamboanga (Real Fuerza de San Jose, 1635)
These barangays were well-populated and organized, making them suitable for transformation into cities.
What royal decree did Philip II issue in 1573 regarding Spanish colonial towns?
Towns should be near the coast or river with a port, have access to forests, and follow a grid pattern
This decree aimed to standardize town planning.
What was the purpose of the reducción system proposed by Juan de Plasencia?
To move the native population from their barangays to Spanish-built towns
The aim was to facilitate tax collection, conversion to Catholicism, and better governance.
What were the four main benefits the Spanish sought from the reducción system?
- Collect taxes efficiently
- Convert non-Spanish to Catholicism
- Access native manpower
- Police the movement of people
This system was initially rejected by the natives.
What was the centerpiece of the towns that attracted natives to move into pueblos?
The plaza
The plaza contained essential buildings and was a gathering space for the community.
What are some examples of plazas in the Philippines?
- Plaza Roma (Manila)
- Plaza Argao (Argao, Cebu)
- Plaza Binondo (Binondo)
Plazas served as community centers in colonial towns.
What terms were used to describe law-abiding residents of the pueblos?
- Taga-loob (insiders)
- Bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell)
These terms contrasted with those who remained outside.
What social class was at the top of the Spanish colonial hierarchy?
Peninsulares
The peninsulares were full-blooded Spanish born in Spain.
What role did the Gobernador-General serve in the Philippines?
Chief justice, captain of the colonial army, manager of Galleon Trade
The Gobernador-General was appointed by the King and held significant power.
What was the function of the Consejo de Indias?
To manage colonies and write colonial laws
Established by King Charles V in 1524.
What was the highest position in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?
Governador-General
This position was only open to peninsulares.
What was the role of the alcalde mayor or corregidor in the provinces?
Head of local police and head judge of provincial courts
They were responsible for tax collection and local governance.
What was the smallest political unit during the Spanish period?
Barrio or village
The barrio was ruled by a cabeza de barangay.
What was the indulto de comercio?
License to trade
This privilege allowed alcaldes to participate in local trading.
What is the role of the cabeza de barangay?
Village Head
The cabeza de barangay was a native appointed by the colonial government.
What were the two specific duties of the gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay?
- Drafting laborers for polo y servicio
- Collecting taxes from colonial subjects
What was the compensation for the cabeza de barangay?
2 Mexican pesos per year and tax exemption
How did the colonial government justify taxation?
To raise funds for maintaining colonies, military campaigns, assisting the Catholic Church, and replenishing the royal treasury.
Who were encomenderos?
Individuals (peninsulares) who collected taxes from colonial subjects on behalf of the government.
What were the duties of an encomendero?
- Protect people from invasions
- Maintain peace and order
- Assist friars in Christianizing non-Spanish
What was the polo y servicios?
System of community forced labor requiring colonial subjects to work for the government for 40 days per year.
Fill in the blank: The annual forced sale of goods from taxpayers to the government was called _______.
bandala
What were the exemptions from the polo y servicios?
- Members of the principalia
- Soldiers
- Students
- Sick or crippled individuals
- Those who paid an additional tax (falla)
What was the Galleon Trade?
Trade system between the Philippines and Mexico starting in 1565.
How many galleons were allowed to trade between the Philippines and Mexico per year?
Two galleons
What were the primary products sent from Manila to Mexico?
- Silk
- Porcelain
- Jade
- Gunpowder
- Spices
- Mangoes
- Coconut
- Rice
What was the situado?
Mexico’s annual subsidy for the colonial government of the Philippines amounting to 300,000 pesos.
What was the composition of the basic tax called tribut?
15 reales in the 19th century
True or False: The Galleon Trade was considered very safe for its participants.
False
What was the impact of the Galleon Trade on globalization?
One of the earliest traces of globalization by connecting three continents.
What was the first mass celebrated in the Philippines?
Celebrated in Mazaua (Limasawa, Southern Leyte) on 31 March.
What was the outcome of the Magellan expedition regarding Christianity?
Christianization was halted after the Battle of Mactan.
What was the role of the government in the conversion process during the early colonial period?
Assisted in propagating Catholicism among natives and non-Spanish groups.
Fill in the blank: The collection of taxes was done annually and per _______.
household
What significant event halted the Christianization process in the Philippines in 1521?
The Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed.
When did the Christianization of the Philippines resume?
In 1565, with the Legazpi expedition taking Cebu.
Name three major churches built during the early years of Christianization in the Philippines.
- Basilica Menor del Santo Niño in Cebu (1565)
- Manila Cathedral (1571)
- San Agustin Church in Manila (1607)
Who primarily spearheaded the conversion of people to Catholicism in the Philippines?
Regular clergy, including friars, monks, and priests from religious orders.
List five religious orders involved in the early Christianization of the Philippines and their founding years.
- Augustinians (1565)
- Franciscans (1577)
- Jesuits (1581)
- Dominicans (1587)
- Recollects (1606)
Fill in the blank: The process of Christianization often led to ______ due to native resistance.
violence
What was the strategy used by missionaries to convert the nobility in the Philippines?
Targeting members of the nobility and educating their children in Spanish schools.
What was the Doctrina Christiana?
A book used for religious instruction in the early years of Christianization.
What did the friars vilify in the precolonial belief system?
Babaylan
True or False: The introduction of Catholicism did not result in any changes to society in the Philippines.
False
What were the two Philippine regions that successfully resisted Spanish colonialism?
- Mindanao
- Cordilleras
What was the motivation behind the Spanish annexation of the Philippines?
A civilizing mission guided by Christianity.
What concept from Islam allowed sultans in Mindanao to organize armies against the Spanish?
Jihad
What was the strategy called that the Spanish used to establish settlements in the Cordilleras?
Misiones vivas
What factors contributed to the failure of Spanish colonization in the Cordilleras?
- Complex mountainous topography
- Ygolotes’ tendency to relocate
- Headhunting practices
Describe the nature of revolts expressed by natives who accepted the colonial order.
Poorly coordinated, confined to small areas, and directed against specific policies.
Who led the Tagalog Revolt in Manila in 1574?
Sulayman and Lakandula
What was the outcome of the Tondo Conspiracy in 1587?
The plan was revealed to authorities, leading to its failure.
What was the Tamblot Revolt in 1621 about?
A revolt led by the bayugin Tamblot against the colonizers.
Fill in the blank: The Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt occurred in ______.
Tayabas, 1841
What economic reasons motivated many revolts during the Spanish colonial period?
Harsh policies of taxation and forced labor.
Who led the Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt in Ilocos in 1762?
Diego Silang
What happened to Diego Silang after he was proclaimed alcalde-mayor?
He was betrayed and killed.
