Lectures 1-7 Midterm 1 Flashcards
Natural Selection operates on
The phenotype not the genotype
Directional Selection
(Or) favors one extereme form of a trait
Ex. Long neck of giraffe
Stabilizing Selection
(Middle) keeps population stable based on phenotypes i.e average weight babies have a better chance of survival
Gene Flow
Movement of genes between populations. Migration/nomadic behaviors have kept humans alive
Genetic Drift
Random changes in gene frequency in a population
Darwin and Sexual Selection
- Males lack access to mates
2. Females must choose right mate
Sexual Dimorphism
Characteristics that a female prefers (gorilla size, lion main, colorful feathers) features that equal protection
Reproductive Output
Males will compete for access to mate. Females have limited egg supply must be choosy
Runaway Sexual Selection
R.A. Fischer-idea that when the female choice changes the male will evolve the preferred features
Linnean Classification
Order/Family/Genus/Speices
Analogous Traits
Based on phenotypically similar traits such as bat and bird wings
Homology
The thought that if speices have phenotypically similar traits then they share a similar evolutionary history
Speciation
When a new speices emerges-Happens two ways cladogensis/ anagensis
Cladogensis
When one species “allopatric speciation” geographic isolation from one related species to another
Anagensis
Speices 1 will go extinct and species 2 emerges
Adaptation increases success based on
Phenotype
Inclusive Fitness
Animals behave preferably to genetically related individuals
Race
Is a sociocultural term. Race is a cultural construct
Ethnicity & Race
Shares common sociological, cultural and linguistic traits (LEARNED) While race is a biological construct
Franz Boas
The Founder of Modern Anthropology- Boas attempted to stop the subjectivity of racism that was becoming prevalent in the field. Biology is NOT influenced by cultural achievement
Heterozygous Advantage
Some Allelles such as sickle cell stay in la population because -They may be maintained by heterozygote advantage
They may be maintained by mutation
They may be maintained by gene flow
Natural selection may not have had time to remove them yet
They may not really reduce fitness
Population Genetics
A specialty field in the study of genetics that focuses on changes in gene frequencies a and the effect of those changes on adaptation and evolution
Lactose Intolerance and Significance
Lactose tolerance is not in our evolutionary history. Until recently it was thought that all human population were unique in there ability to consume other animals milk later into adulthood. However, it has been discovered that only certain human populations are lactose tolerant
Locomotive Patterns
Brachization ability to swing in trees- gibbons are great example of brachziation
The hominiods
Hylobatid-Gibbons
Pongid /Pongidaes/Chimps
Hominin/Hominidae/Humans (US)
Sickle Cell and Balanced Polymorphisms
A stable polymorphism in a population is when natural selection works to prevent an allele from being lost. Sickle cell is a balanced polymorphism because carriers are resistant to malaria, an infection by the parasite
Acclimatization
is a physiological adaptation and occurs at the individual level, unlike developmental adaptation, it can occur at any time during a persons life.
Ethology
is the study of animal behavior-is the study of non-humans in natural settings. It can occur in captive settings, the methodology is strict.
Why do we study primates
To help us understand the nature of the human body and mind. To see what behavioral characteristic correlate with intelligence.
Anatomical Traits of primates
generalized not specialized- the primate body is generalized not specialized (giraffe long neck is a specialized trait)-
Specific Primate Traits
Forward Facing Eyes
Stereotypic Eyes- Focus on what object is
Depth perception which is beneficial in several aspects including predation
Humans and Ape both have Y5 Molars
Enhanced sense of touch
Enclosed bony eye orbits in skull- diurnal animals
grasping hands and opposable thumb
Petrosal Bulla
tiny bit of skeleton that protects inner ear-only trait that has stuck around through evolutionary history. PRIMATE SPECIFIC
Primates Life History (both human and non human)
- specific reproduction
- long lifespan
- learned behaviors
- delayed maturation
- parental investment
- energy allocation
Primate dental arcade
NW and OW
Apes, OW, Monkeys and Humans- 2 incisors, 1 canine,2 premolars, and 1 molar
Lemurs
Strepsirhine (Prosimians) only found in Madagascar Four Families: Lemuridae (true lemurs) - Cheirogalidae (dwarf lemurs) Indriidae (the sifakas and indri) Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)
Cheirogalidae (Dwarf Lemurs)
Nocturnal and solitary ◦ Insect/fruit eaters
Indriidae (the sifakas and indri)
Diurnal ◦ Arboreal (most time in trees)
Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)
Solitary
Nocturnal
Feeds on bird eggs
Ring Tail Lemurs
Best known and widely studied
Female Dominant to males
Lorsises
Strepsirhine family- most poached animals
Haplorhines
◦ Tarsier ◦ New World Monkeys ◦ Old World Monkeys ◦ Apes ◦ Hominids Rely more on vision than sense of smell Diurnal -except for Tarsier and Owl Monkey Live in Social Groups/ Intertwined complex brain and social
New World Monkeys
*(shape of nose)
Classified in the infraorder *Platyrrhini
Habitat: tropical and subtropical forests of Western Hemisphere. N. Argentina to Mexico
Small Body Size: heaviest 25lb to lowest 1.5 pounds ◦ Three Premolar Teeth: unlike 2 premolars in other haplorrhine
Prehensile tail: an adaptation for feeding
Families of NW Monkeys
Cebidae ◦ Atelidae ◦ Pithecidae ◦ Callitrichidae
NW Monkey
Cebidae (capuchin monkeys):
Atelidae (howlers/spider):
Callitrichidae (marmosets/tamarins):
Pithecidae (sakis)
Habituation Project
La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face)
Habituation Project
La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face)
The goal of this project was to monitor the level of habituation amongst one family of monkeys with repeated exposure to four individuals
Tarsier
big eyes
Although a prosimian, it is classified as a haplorphine because of its close genetic/behavioral relation to haplorrhines
Old World Monkeys
Fall under the infraorder Catarrhini
Features:
◦ Ischial Callosities: sitting callouses on the rump that is related to sitting comforatably.
◦ Bilophodant Molars: strong in enamel and believed to be a trait of chewing tough plant fiber material
OW monkeys have exploited a variety of habitats, unlike their NW counterparts
Colobines
Cercopithecoid family- colobines are closely related medium sized primates with a long tail and array of color variation. Mostly arboreal and live in various climates except in dry areas. Colobines are folivores - a diet rich in leaves. Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced
Types of Colobines
Includes: Leaf Monkeys ◦ Langurs ◦ Odd-nosed monkeys ◦ Colobus (Africa)
Baboons
OW monkey- in cercopithecine family-most famous out of all OW Monkeys
Estrus-The skin around her genital area will become inflates and is a signal for fertility
OW vs. NW Monkeys
OW are physically larger and more socially complex
Orangutans
Pongo Pygmaeus Hominoid Primate Among largest brain mammals on earth lived in Sumartara and Boreno Highly Arboreal Solitary unlike apes adult females travel with young for 8 years
Hominoids Features
Basically, hominoids express many of the haplorhine traits=just extended
Increased Brain Volume and Intelligence
◦ Social Complexity
◦ Large Body Size
Chimpanzees
Pan troglodytes
Closest living relative to Homo Sapiens
Estimated numbers: 150,000 to 200,000
Less sexual dimorphism: males weigh 150 lbs–about 15% more than females
In the group, males are highly territorial and form cohesive bonds (not necessarily based on relatedness)
Females are more independent…particularly to avoid conflict
Chimpanzee Gestation
Gestation: 8 months, 4 year infancy, sexual maturity: 12 years
Chimp Tool Use
Learned not genetic
Gorillas
Two main species ◦
Gorilla gorilla (Western Lowland)
◦Gorilla beringei (Mountain Gorilla)
found in equatorial Africa (Republic of Congo) 80,000 estimated Lowland, only 600 mountain gorillas remain
Gorilla Cultural
Extremely sexually dimorphic: males outweigh females by 50%
Sexual maturity: males acquire gray hair on their backs (hence silverback)
Inter-birth Interval 4 years on average
Females (upon reaching sm, migrate to other groups)
Gorilla Diet and Behavior
Diet: gorillas primarily eat high-fiber, poor-quality plants
They are slow-moving and show less aggression than their African ape cousins, the chimpanzees.
Lowland and Mountain gorillas are socially distinct…lowland groups are observed to be less-cohesive and eat in a variety of niches
Bonobos
Pan paniscus
close relatives of the chimpanzees and often called “pygmy chimps”
Only exist in Democratic Republic of Congo
Diet: primarily frugivores but digest some leaf material
Female bonobos forge strong social bonds and use coalition tactics to prevent males from dominating them
Group female members will accept outside members in neighboring communities
Great Apes and Extinction
Greatest threat is Habitat Destruction
International zoo/lab/pet trade
Bushmeat
Diseases and Primates
The human connection-
Due to bushmeat, HIV is now the number 1 killer of individuals 1524 years old in the WORLD (not just Africa)
similar genetics, similar susceptibility.
Several of these zoonotic transmissions occurred in medical labs, by accident.
Anthrax and Ebola have recently been found in ape populations
◦ HIV/AIDS has generally been accepted as first being observed in chimpanzees (as an unthreatening SIV virus)
Activity Budget
Pattern of eating, mating socializing and sleeping that all non human primates engage in all day. The budget is tightly linked to dietary choices.
Predation
many non human primates are victim of predation
small bodied primates are more often victims. Owls and other birds are primarily responsible for the mortality in the lemur population
Cultural
shared/learned/inherited
Forces of Evolution
- Natural Selection
- Mutation
- Gene Flow
- Genetic Drift
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype
observable or measurable feature of an individual
Antigens and Immune System
an antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.
Polymorphisms
two more distinct alleles that exist together within a population. Most polymorphisms can be expressed phenotypically, however they can be expressed Geno typically, ABO blood types are an example. Blood types are a type of polymorphisms
ABO Blood Types Alleles
Blood types determined by two antigens
• A antigen
• B antigen
A-Dominant
B-Dominant
O-Recessive (62% of population)
AB- Co Dominant
ABO Blood Group
Phenotype -Geneotype A - AA or AO B - BB or BO AB co-dominant AB O - OO
Point Mutation
A Point Mutation is basically a single point change on a gene.
Not all mutations are bad. Elephant Trunk is good mutation enhanced a chance of survival
Mutations and Natural Selection
Natural Selection is a direct result of mutation. This creates variation.
Medelian Genetics
looks at pedigrees of related individuals
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Heterozygus
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive
(1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation.
Mutation in Gametes
is a mutation is the sex cells. Generally leads to non reproductive offspring
Founder Effect
is a form of genetic drift; it occurs when a small group of large parent population migrates to a new region. The small group is in a population where they cannot breed with another species or its is unoccupied. As the population grows it diverges further from the source.
Species
“an interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated…”
mutation somatic cells
body cells
passed onto daughter cells during mitosis and to offspring of these cells
not passed to sexually produced offspring
e.g. mutation in skin cell could result in patch of skin cells with same mutation but would not be passed on to person’s children
Overnutrition
too many calories resulting in excess stored fat- associated health risks include type 2 diabete, osetoarthistis and hypertension, cardiovascular disease stroke and early adult death
RH+/-
Rh factor inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles
2 alleles for Rh factor: • Rh+ (dominant) [antigen is present] • Rh- (recessive) [antigen is absent]
undernutrition
too few calories and/or specific required nutrients reduced growth, slower growth, susceptibility to infection and predisposition to adult disease
Four Fields of Anthropology
1: Cultural- Culture is Shared, Learned, and Inherited
2: Linguistics-The comparative study of the ways in which language shapes social life
3: Archaeological- A. Study human culture by analyzing the objects people have made.
4: Biological- Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.
Holism
Holism is the idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts. The term Holism was coined by J C Smuts in Holism and Evolution.
Scientific Method
observations-something physical hypothesis-is an observable prediction test/method-experiment data analysis- results- RESULTS DO NOT ALWAYS SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS
Natural Selection: Three Preconditions
No population or organism is perfectly adapted. Second, it’s more accurate to think of natural selection as a process rather than as a guiding hand. Natural selection is the simple result of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity — it is mindless and mechanistic. … The result is evolution.
Viability Offspring
Viability selection, the selection of individual organisms who can survive until they are able to reproduce. Fetal viability, the ability of a fetus to survive outside of the uterus. Genetic viability, chance of a population of plants or animals to avoid the problems of inbreeding.
What does Natural Selection run off
NS runs off reproductive success
Organelles
organ within a cell- nucleus was first organelle identified
endoplasmic reticulum
where metabolic reactions take place
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
chromatin-
the dispersed uncoiled strands of DNA as it exist during the interphase of the cell cycle
interphase-
non reproductive state
human karyotype
46 Chromosomes -Diploid-full complement of paired chromosomes found in gamate cell
23 pairs-haploid
Locus/Loci
location of a gene on a chromosome
Mitosis
is when somatic cells replicate and lead to formation of two identical daughter cells
meiosis
is the process that creates gametes, where cells have the haploid number of genetic information
How many autosome do we have
44 autosomes
Protozoa Cell
made up of one cell
Prokaryotic Cell
no nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
DNA in nucleus multi cellular
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome- result of extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Trisomy 18
Edwards Syndrome- third chromosome on the 18th pair
Trisomy 13
Extra chromosome of the 13th pair- Patau Syndrome
Subclasses of Mammals
Prototheria- lay eggs but produce milk (platutpus)
Theria-
metatheria- marsupials-pouch kangaroo
eutheria- placental mammals. includes 2 dozen orders of one of which is primate
Infer Order of Old World Monkeys
Catarrhini
Infer Order of New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
