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Anthropology 101 > Lectures 1-7 Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-7 Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural Selection operates on

A

The phenotype not the genotype

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2
Q

Directional Selection

A

(Or) favors one extereme form of a trait

Ex. Long neck of giraffe

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3
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

(Middle) keeps population stable based on phenotypes i.e average weight babies have a better chance of survival

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4
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of genes between populations. Migration/nomadic behaviors have kept humans alive

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5
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in gene frequency in a population

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6
Q

Darwin and Sexual Selection

A
  1. Males lack access to mates

2. Females must choose right mate

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7
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Characteristics that a female prefers (gorilla size, lion main, colorful feathers) features that equal protection

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8
Q

Reproductive Output

A

Males will compete for access to mate. Females have limited egg supply must be choosy

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9
Q

Runaway Sexual Selection

A

R.A. Fischer-idea that when the female choice changes the male will evolve the preferred features

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10
Q

Linnean Classification

A

Order/Family/Genus/Speices

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11
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Based on phenotypically similar traits such as bat and bird wings

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12
Q

Homology

A

The thought that if speices have phenotypically similar traits then they share a similar evolutionary history

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13
Q

Speciation

A

When a new speices emerges-Happens two ways cladogensis/ anagensis

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14
Q

Cladogensis

A

When one species “allopatric speciation” geographic isolation from one related species to another

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15
Q

Anagensis

A

Speices 1 will go extinct and species 2 emerges

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16
Q

Adaptation increases success based on

A

Phenotype

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17
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Animals behave preferably to genetically related individuals

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18
Q

Race

A

Is a sociocultural term. Race is a cultural construct

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19
Q

Ethnicity & Race

A

Shares common sociological, cultural and linguistic traits (LEARNED) While race is a biological construct

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20
Q

Franz Boas

A

The Founder of Modern Anthropology- Boas attempted to stop the subjectivity of racism that was becoming prevalent in the field. Biology is NOT influenced by cultural achievement

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21
Q

Heterozygous Advantage

A

Some Allelles such as sickle cell stay in la population because -They may be maintained by heterozygote advantage 
They may be maintained by mutation 
They may be maintained by gene flow 
Natural selection may not have had time to remove them yet 
They may not really reduce fitness

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22
Q

Population Genetics

A

A specialty field in the study of genetics that focuses on changes in gene frequencies a and the effect of those changes on adaptation and evolution

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23
Q

Lactose Intolerance and Significance

A

Lactose tolerance is not in our evolutionary history. Until recently it was thought that all human population were unique in there ability to consume other animals milk later into adulthood. However, it has been discovered that only certain human populations are lactose tolerant

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24
Q

Locomotive Patterns

A

Brachization ability to swing in trees- gibbons are great example of brachziation

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25
Q

The hominiods

A

Hylobatid-Gibbons
Pongid /Pongidaes/Chimps
Hominin/Hominidae/Humans (US)

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26
Q

Sickle Cell and Balanced Polymorphisms

A

A stable polymorphism in a population is when natural selection works to prevent an allele from being lost. Sickle cell is a balanced polymorphism because carriers are resistant to malaria, an infection by the parasite

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27
Q

Acclimatization

A

is a physiological adaptation and occurs at the individual level, unlike developmental adaptation, it can occur at any time during a persons life.

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28
Q

Ethology

A

is the study of animal behavior-is the study of non-humans in natural settings. It can occur in captive settings, the methodology is strict.

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29
Q

Why do we study primates

A

To help us understand the nature of the human body and mind. To see what behavioral characteristic correlate with intelligence.

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30
Q

Anatomical Traits of primates

A

generalized not specialized- the primate body is generalized not specialized (giraffe long neck is a specialized trait)-

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31
Q

Specific Primate Traits

A

Forward Facing Eyes
Stereotypic Eyes- Focus on what object is
Depth perception which is beneficial in several aspects including predation
Humans and Ape both have Y5 Molars
Enhanced sense of touch
Enclosed bony eye orbits in skull- diurnal animals
grasping hands and opposable thumb

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32
Q

Petrosal Bulla

A

tiny bit of skeleton that protects inner ear-only trait that has stuck around through evolutionary history. PRIMATE SPECIFIC

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33
Q

Primates Life History (both human and non human)

A
  • specific reproduction
  • long lifespan
  • learned behaviors
  • delayed maturation
  • parental investment
  • energy allocation
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34
Q

Primate dental arcade

A

NW and OW

Apes, OW, Monkeys and Humans- 2 incisors, 1 canine,2 premolars, and 1 molar

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35
Q

Lemurs

A 
Strepsirhine (Prosimians) 
only found in Madagascar
Four Families:
Lemuridae (true lemurs) -
Cheirogalidae (dwarf lemurs) 
Indriidae (the sifakas and indri) 
 Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)
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36
Q

Cheirogalidae (Dwarf Lemurs)

A

Nocturnal and solitary ◦ Insect/fruit eaters

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37
Q

Indriidae (the sifakas and indri)

A

Diurnal ◦ Arboreal (most time in trees)

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38
Q

Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)

A

Solitary
Nocturnal
Feeds on bird eggs

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39
Q

Ring Tail Lemurs

A

Best known and widely studied

Female Dominant to males

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40
Q

Lorsises

A

Strepsirhine family- most poached animals

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41
Q

Haplorhines

A 
◦ Tarsier 
◦ New World Monkeys 
◦ Old World Monkeys
◦ Apes 
◦ Hominids
Rely more on vision than sense of smell
Diurnal -except for Tarsier and Owl Monkey
Live in Social Groups/ Intertwined complex brain and social
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42
Q

New World Monkeys

*(shape of nose)

A

Classified in the infraorder *Platyrrhini
Habitat: tropical and subtropical forests of Western Hemisphere. N. Argentina to Mexico
Small Body Size: heaviest 25lb to lowest 1.5 pounds ◦ Three Premolar Teeth: unlike 2 premolars in other haplorrhine
Prehensile tail: an adaptation for feeding

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43
Q

Families of NW Monkeys

A

Cebidae ◦ Atelidae ◦ Pithecidae ◦ Callitrichidae

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44
Q

NW Monkey

A

 Cebidae (capuchin monkeys):
 Atelidae (howlers/spider):
 Callitrichidae (marmosets/tamarins):
 Pithecidae (sakis)

45
Q

Habituation Project

A

La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face)

46
Q

Habituation Project

A

La Suerte Biological Field Station- observed Cebus Capuchin Monkeys (white face)
The goal of this project was to monitor the level of habituation amongst one family of monkeys with repeated exposure to four individuals

47
Q

Tarsier

big eyes

A

Although a prosimian, it is classified as a haplorphine because of its close genetic/behavioral relation to haplorrhines

48
Q

Old World Monkeys

A

Fall under the infraorder Catarrhini
Features:
◦ Ischial Callosities: sitting callouses on the rump that is related to sitting comforatably.
◦ Bilophodant Molars: strong in enamel and believed to be a trait of chewing tough plant fiber material

OW monkeys have exploited a variety of habitats, unlike their NW counterparts

49
Q

Colobines

A

Cercopithecoid family- colobines are closely related medium sized primates with a long tail and array of color variation. Mostly arboreal and live in various climates except in dry areas. Colobines are folivores - a diet rich in leaves. Sexual dimorphism is less pronounced

50
Q

Types of Colobines

A 
Includes: 
Leaf Monkeys
◦ Langurs 
◦ Odd-nosed monkeys
◦ Colobus (Africa)
51
Q

Baboons

A

OW monkey- in cercopithecine family-most famous out of all OW Monkeys
Estrus-The skin around her genital area will become inflates and is a signal for fertility

52
Q

OW vs. NW Monkeys

A

OW are physically larger and more socially complex

53
Q

Orangutans

A 
Pongo Pygmaeus
Hominoid Primate
Among largest brain mammals on earth
lived in Sumartara and Boreno
Highly Arboreal 
Solitary unlike apes
adult females travel with young for 8 years
54
Q

Hominoids Features

A

Basically, hominoids express many of the haplorhine traits=just extended
Increased Brain Volume and Intelligence
◦ Social Complexity
◦ Large Body Size

55
Q

Chimpanzees

A

Pan troglodytes
Closest living relative to Homo Sapiens
Estimated numbers: 150,000 to 200,000 
Less sexual dimorphism: males weigh 150 lbs–about 15% more than females
In the group, males are highly territorial and form cohesive bonds (not necessarily based on relatedness)
Females are more independent…particularly to avoid conflict

56
Q

Chimpanzee Gestation

A

Gestation: 8 months, 4 year infancy, sexual maturity: 12 years

57
Q

Chimp Tool Use

A

Learned not genetic

58
Q

Gorillas

A

Two main species ◦
Gorilla gorilla (Western Lowland)
◦Gorilla beringei (Mountain Gorilla) 
found in equatorial Africa (Republic of Congo)  80,000 estimated Lowland, only 600 mountain gorillas remain

59
Q

Gorilla Cultural

A

Extremely sexually dimorphic: males outweigh females by 50% 
Sexual maturity: males acquire gray hair on their backs (hence silverback) 
Inter-birth Interval 4 years on average 
Females (upon reaching sm, migrate to other groups)

60
Q

Gorilla Diet and Behavior

A

Diet: gorillas primarily eat high-fiber, poor-quality plants

They are slow-moving and show less aggression than their African ape cousins, the chimpanzees. 

Lowland and Mountain gorillas are socially distinct…lowland groups are observed to be less-cohesive and eat in a variety of niches

61
Q

Bonobos

A

Pan paniscus

close relatives of the chimpanzees and often called “pygmy chimps”

Only exist in Democratic Republic of Congo 

Diet: primarily frugivores but digest some leaf material

Female bonobos forge strong social bonds and use coalition tactics to prevent males from dominating them

Group female members will accept outside members in neighboring communities

62
Q

Great Apes and Extinction

A

Greatest threat is Habitat Destruction
International zoo/lab/pet trade
Bushmeat

63
Q

Diseases and Primates

A

The human connection-

Due to bushmeat, HIV is now the number 1 killer of individuals 1524 years old in the WORLD (not just Africa)

similar genetics, similar susceptibility.
Several of these zoonotic transmissions occurred in medical labs, by accident.

Anthrax and Ebola have recently been found in ape populations

◦ HIV/AIDS has generally been accepted as first being observed in chimpanzees (as an unthreatening SIV virus)

64
Q

Activity Budget

A

Pattern of eating, mating socializing and sleeping that all non human primates engage in all day. The budget is tightly linked to dietary choices.

65
Q

Predation

A

many non human primates are victim of predation
small bodied primates are more often victims. Owls and other birds are primarily responsible for the mortality in the lemur population

66
Q

Cultural

A

shared/learned/inherited

67
Q

Forces of Evolution

A
  1. Natural Selection
  2. Mutation
  3. Gene Flow
  4. Genetic Drift
68
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual

69
Q

Phenotype

A

observable or measurable feature of an individual

70
Q

Antigens and Immune System

A

an antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.

71
Q

Polymorphisms

A

two more distinct alleles that exist together within a population. Most polymorphisms can be expressed phenotypically, however they can be expressed Geno typically, ABO blood types are an example. Blood types are a type of polymorphisms

72
Q

ABO Blood Types Alleles

A

Blood types determined by two antigens
• A antigen
• B antigen

A-Dominant
B-Dominant
O-Recessive (62% of population)
AB- Co Dominant

73
Q

ABO Blood Group

A 
Phenotype -Geneotype
A  - AA or AO
B - BB or BO
AB co-dominant AB
O - OO
74
Q

Point Mutation

A

A Point Mutation is basically a single point change on a gene.
Not all mutations are bad. Elephant Trunk is good mutation enhanced a chance of survival

75
Q

Mutations and Natural Selection

A

Natural Selection is a direct result of mutation. This creates variation.

76
Q

Medelian Genetics

A

looks at pedigrees of related individuals
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
Heterozygus
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive
(1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation.

77
Q

Mutation in Gametes

A

is a mutation is the sex cells. Generally leads to non reproductive offspring

78
Q

Founder Effect

A

is a form of genetic drift; it occurs when a small group of large parent population migrates to a new region. The small group is in a population where they cannot breed with another species or its is unoccupied. As the population grows it diverges further from the source.

79
Q

Species

A

“an interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated…”

80
Q

mutation somatic cells

A

body cells
passed onto daughter cells during mitosis and to offspring of these cells
not passed to sexually produced offspring
e.g. mutation in skin cell could result in patch of skin cells with same mutation but would not be passed on to person’s children

81
Q

Overnutrition

A

too many calories resulting in excess stored fat- associated health risks include type 2 diabete, osetoarthistis and hypertension, cardiovascular disease stroke and early adult death

82
Q

RH+/-

A

Rh factor inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles
2 alleles for Rh factor: • Rh+ (dominant) [antigen is present] • Rh- (recessive) [antigen is absent]

83
Q

undernutrition

A

too few calories and/or specific required nutrients reduced growth, slower growth, susceptibility to infection and predisposition to adult disease

84
Q

Four Fields of Anthropology

A

1: Cultural- Culture is Shared, Learned, and Inherited
2: Linguistics-The comparative study of the ways in which language shapes social life
3: Archaeological- A. Study human culture by analyzing the objects people have made.
4: Biological- Biological anthropologists seek to understand how humans adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans evolved from other animals.

85
Q

Holism

A

Holism is the idea that systems and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts. The term Holism was coined by J C Smuts in Holism and Evolution.

86
Q

Scientific Method

A 
observations-something physical
hypothesis-is an observable prediction
test/method-experiment
data analysis-
results- RESULTS DO NOT ALWAYS SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS
87
Q

Natural Selection: Three Preconditions

A

No population or organism is perfectly adapted. Second, it’s more accurate to think of natural selection as a process rather than as a guiding hand. Natural selection is the simple result of variation, differential reproduction, and heredity — it is mindless and mechanistic. … The result is evolution.

88
Q

Viability Offspring

A

Viability selection, the selection of individual organisms who can survive until they are able to reproduce. Fetal viability, the ability of a fetus to survive outside of the uterus. Genetic viability, chance of a population of plants or animals to avoid the problems of inbreeding.

89
Q

What does Natural Selection run off

A

NS runs off reproductive success

90
Q

Organelles

A

organ within a cell- nucleus was first organelle identified

91
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

where metabolic reactions take place

92
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

93
Q

chromatin-

A

the dispersed uncoiled strands of DNA as it exist during the interphase of the cell cycle

94
Q

interphase-

A

non reproductive state

95
Q

human karyotype

A

46 Chromosomes -Diploid-full complement of paired chromosomes found in gamate cell
23 pairs-haploid

96
Q

Locus/Loci

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

97
Q

Mitosis

A

is when somatic cells replicate and lead to formation of two identical daughter cells

98
Q

meiosis

A

is the process that creates gametes, where cells have the haploid number of genetic information

99
Q

How many autosome do we have

A

44 autosomes

100
Q

Protozoa Cell

A

made up of one cell

101
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

no nucleus

102
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

DNA in nucleus multi cellular

103
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down syndrome- result of extra chromosome on the 21st pair

104
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edwards Syndrome- third chromosome on the 18th pair

105
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Extra chromosome of the 13th pair- Patau Syndrome

106
Q

Subclasses of Mammals

A

Prototheria- lay eggs but produce milk (platutpus)
Theria-
metatheria- marsupials-pouch kangaroo
eutheria- placental mammals. includes 2 dozen orders of one of which is primate

107
Q

Infer Order of Old World Monkeys

A

Catarrhini

108
Q

Infer Order of New World Monkeys

A

Platyrrhini

Anthropology 101 (1 decks)

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