Lectures 1-7 Flashcards
Articulatory / Resonating System:
Velum:
- Velum
- Also called the soft palate
- Located in the pharynx
- Uvula: Termination of the velum
- Velopharyngeal closure
* Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls * Velar elevation - Necessary to prevent air or food escaping through the nose
- Necessary to build up air pressure for production of pressure sounds
- Air that escapes through the nose during speech results in a nasal quality
Articulatory/ Resonating system
Composed of:
Vocal tract:
- Composed of
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
- Pharyngeal cavity
- Vocal tract is a resonant acoustic tube
- Shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds
The laryngeal system
Thyroid cartilage:
Thyroid prominence:
Vocal folds:
Glottis:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Largest laryngeal cartilage
- Forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton and protects the
inner components of the larynx
- Thyroid prominence
- “Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch
- Vocal folds
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
back to the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament - Abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
- Glottis
- The space between the vocal folds
The laryngeal system
Thyroid cartilage:
Thyroid prominence:
Vocal folds:
Glottis:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Largest laryngeal cartilage
- Forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton and protects the
inner components of the larynx
- Thyroid prominence
- “Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch
- Vocal folds
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
back to the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament - Abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
- Glottis
- The space between the vocal folds
The laryngeal system:
Primary biological function of the larynx
Larynx:
-Primary biological function of the larynx
* Prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs
* Larynx can impound air for forceful expulsion of foreign objects threatening lower airways
* Structures of the Laryngeal System
- Larynx
* Air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue
* Main sound generator for speech
* Sits on top of the trachea and opens into the pharynx
* Appears to be suspended from the hyoid bone, the point of attachment for laryngeal and tongue muscles
The respiratory system
Muscles of the respiratory system:
Muscles of the respiratory system:
Inspiratory muscles – generally above the diaphragm
Expiratory muscles – generally below the diaphragm
Muscles of Inspiration
Diaphragm
* Principle muscle of inspiration
* Dome-shaped structure composed of a thin, flat, nonelastic central tendon and broad rim of muscle fibers that radiate to the edges of the central tendon
* Contracts during inspiration, pulling down and forward, increasing
lung volume
* Numerous thoracic and neck muscles also contribute
The respiratory system
Primary Biological functions:
-Primary biological functions (in alveoli)
–> supply oxygen to the blood
–> remove excess carbon dioxide
-The generating source for speech production
Speech production is complex
Anatomy=
Physiology=
Three physiological subsystems involves in speech production:
Respiratory:
Laryngeal:
Articulatory/ resonatory:
Anatomy= study of structures of the body and relationship of the structures
Physiology= study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures
Three physiological subsystems involves in speech production:
Respiratory: Driving force for speech via positive air pressure beneath vocal folds
Laryngeal: vocal fold vibrate at high speeds
Articulatory/ resonatory: An acoustic filter that allows certain frequencies to pass while blocking others
Writing Goals
A
B
C
D
A: Actor – Who is expected to do the behavior?
B: Behavior – What is the observable and measurable behavior?
C: Condition – What is the context or condition of the behavior?
D: Degree – What is the targeted degree of success?
Intervention Plan:
Goal characteristics:
Goal Characteristics :
-functional
-measurable
-attainable
Process of assessment (in this order):
Screening:
Formal Assessment:
Defining the Problem:
Screening:
-whether a problem exists
Formal Assessment:
-occurs after someone recognizes the possibility of a problem
Defining the Problem:
-Assessment of communication disorders
—–Systematic process of obtaining information from various sources, through various means, and in different settings
—–Verify and specify strengths and weaknesses, identify possible causes of problems, and make plans to address them
-Diagnosis: Distinguishes an individual’s difficulties from a broad range of possible problems
Assessment (definition)
-the systematic process of gathering information about an individual’s background, history, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and feelings
Categorizing Disorders:
What area is impacted?
Etiology:
Congenital:
Acquired:
Dialects:
What area is impacted?
-reception
-processing
-expression
-or a combination
Etiology: cause/origin of a problem
Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life
Dialects: differences that reflect regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity
Speech processes
Articulation:
Fluency=
Rate:
Voice=
Pitch:
Habitual Pitch:
Intonation:
Articulation:
-the way speech sounds are formed
-prosody–> rate and rhythm, suprasegmentals–> stress, intonation
Fluency=
-smooth, forward flow of communication
Rate: the speed at which we talk
Voice=
Pitch: perception of how high or low a sound is
Habitual Pitch: basic tone an individual uses most of the time
Intonation:
-pitch movement within an utterance
-can reveal different meanings
Components of language: Use
Pragmatics:
Pragmatics:
-the purpose of language; varies with culture
Components of Language: Content
Semantics:
Semantics:
-the meaning of language
-semantic features–> pieces of meaning that together define a word
-each word has multiple meaning
-language form and use determine which definition is most appropriate in context
Components of language: Form
Phonology:
Morphology:
Syntax:
Phonology:
-sound system of language
-English consists of 43 sounds
-phonotactic rules specify how sounds can be arranged
Morphology:
-structure of words
-morphemes are the smallest grammatical units
-free morphemes can stand alone
-bound morphemes change the meanings of words
Syntax:
-how words are arranged in a sentence and how words affect each other
Language Definitions:
Language:
Generatives:
Dynamic:
Grammar:
Language:
-socially shared code
-rule governed
Generatives:
-you can create new utterances
Dynamic:
-languages change over time
Grammar:
-rules of language
Communication disorders:
Communication differences:
Communication disorders:
-significant difficulties in formulation, transmission, and/or comprehension
-compared to those with the same language, dialect and cultural background
Communication differences:
-when an individuals communication pattern differs substantially from those of the person or persons with whom he or she is communicating
Classification of Communication Disorders
When did the disorder occur?
How did the disorder occur?
When did the disorder occur?
-developmental (congenital)
-acquired (after birth)
How did the disorder occur?
-organic (structural)
-functional (no structural cause)
Disorders of feeding and swallowing
-pediatric feeding and swallowing problems
-adult dysphagia
-intervention for feeding and swallowing disorders
—> ranges from preterm infants with a weak sucking response to adult patients recovering from stroke
Speech Disorder
What is it?
Classified as:
-atypical production of speech sounds
-interruption in the flow of speaking
-abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality
—> pitch, loudness, resonance, duration
Classified as:
-articulation and phonological disorders
-fluency disorders
-voice disorders
-motor speech disorders
Language Disorder
Impairment in:
Affects who:
Disorder examples:
-Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems
-affects children and adults
-receptive language disorder
-expressive language disorder
-reading disabilities –> dyslexia
Auditory System Disorder
Result of:
Examples:
-a result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing system
-sensorineural hearing loss
-conductive hearing loss
-auditory processing disorders –> deficits in processing information from audible signals
Service through a lifespan:
School-age children:
TBI:
Over 65:
Hearing loss Affects:
School-age children:
-school-age children with communication difficulties also have academic and social problems
TBI:
-1.5-2 million Americans sustain a TBI each year
-may cause cognitive and/or motor problems that interfere with communication and eating
Over 65:
-stroke, neurological disorders, and cognitive impairments affect communication and swallowing in those over 65
Hearing loss Affects:
-hearing loss may affect 1/4 of older adults
Service through the lifespan:
Age:
How many people have a disability:
Babies:
Age: individuals with communication disorders may be any age
How many people have a disability:
-1 in 5 people have a disability
-2% of children born in the U.S. have an existing disabling condition
Babies:
-babies and toddlers may exhibit developmental delay
-Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities
-an interdisciplinary approach is necessary
-early intervention is highly valuable- can help a child “catch up” to same-age peers
-preschoolers may attend a preschool disabled program to meet their needs
Communication disorders
Impair the ability to:
May affect:
Range:
How does get a disorder:
Other disorders and disabilities:
Impair the ability to:
-receive, send, and process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic information
May affect:
-hearing
-language
-speech
Range:
-from mild to profound severity
How does get a disorder:
-developmental
-acquired
Other disorders and disabilities:
-may be present in combination with other disorders or disabilities
Evidence Based Practice (combines 3 key things)
-Integrate scientific evidence and knowledge from several perspectives
-clinical expertise
-client perspective
*process by which the clinician integrates these three areas to arrive at the best plan of action for a particular client
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective
Audiology became a profession in=
Boom in=
Federal mandates affecting those with communication disabilities=
Audiology became a profession in= 1920s
Boom in= 1940s–> WWII
Federal mandates affecting those with communication disabilities=
-1975 education for all handicapped children act
-1986 education of the handicapped amendments
-1990 individuals with disabilities act
-2004 reauthorization of IDEA
Speech, Language, Hearing Scientists
-provide the research which clinicians use as the base for their methodology when assessing and providing treatment to patients
Audiology
-a professional specializing in the non-medical management of the auditory and balance systems
-access and provide habilitation
-includes auditory processing disorders
-may dispense hearing aids
Nature of Work: specialize in the study of
-normal and impaired hearing
-prevention of hearing loss
-identification and assessment of hearing and balance problems
-rehabilitation of personas with hearing and balance disorders
Speech-language Pathology
-the scientific and professional study of the disorders of verbal communication, their assessment and treatment, as well as the disorders of swallowing, their assessment and treatment
Nature of work:
-work with a full range of human communication and related disorders
-evaluate and diagnose
-provide intervention
-speech, language, cognitive communication, hearing, and swallowing disorders
Disordered Communication
A communication disorder or impairment is present when a person has significant difficulty in one or more of these aspects of communication when compared to other people sharing the same language, dialect, and culture
-formulation
-transmission
-reception
-comprehension
Speech Chain (in this specific order):
Formulation=
Transmission=
Reception=
Comprehension=
Formulation= put thoughts and ideas into words to share with others (INVOLVES LANGUAGE)
Transmission= fluently express thoughts and ideas to others (INVOLVES SPEECH)
Reception= receive the communication sent by another person (INVOLVES HEARING)
Comprehension= interpret the communication sent by another person (INVOLVES LANGUAGE)
Speech (definition)
-neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air (or other medium) to the receiver
-speech involves using voice and articulators (ex. tongue, lips) to make sounds that produce words and sentences
-the most common modality of communication between humans
-BUT 2/3 of human communication is non-verbal
Hearing (definition)
Hearing or audition is the perception of sound; applied to communication, audition is the perception of speech
Language Domains (ways to examine language)
*think of triangle or Venn diagram
Content=
Form=
Use=
Content (semantics)= what it is we are talking about
Form (syntax, morphology, phonology)= how we organize sentences, words, and sounds
Use (pragmatics)= how language is shared with others
Domains of Language
Semantics=
Phonology=
Morphology=
Syntax=
Pragmatics=
Semantics= meaning of words and word combinations (vocabulary)
Phonology= organization of phonemes (sounds)
Morphology= organization of words
Syntax= organization of sentences (grammar)
Pragmatics= language use for social discourse
Language Definition
-describes the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts
-socially shared code that uses a conventional system of arbitrary symbols to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others
-socially shared code is RULE-DRIVEN so that communication partners can successfully understand the and formulated ideas and thoughts
Nonverbal communication:
Artifacts:
Kinesics:
Proxemics:
Tactiles:
Chronemics:
Artifacts:
-general appearance, possessions
Kinesics:
-body language; includes gesture and facial expressions
*Space and time
Proxemics:
-physical distance between communication partners
Tactiles:
-touching behaviors
Chronemics:
-effect of time on communication
Communication
Method:
Types:
Purpose:
Method:
-shared symbol set –> verbal or nonverbal
Types:
-formal
-informal
Purpose:
-request
-reject
-comment
Terminology:
Encoding=
Decoding=
Semiotics=
Encoding= creation of a message (sender)
Decoding= translation of a message (receiver)
Semiotics= the sings used in communication (ex. gestures, pictures, letters)
-excellent communicators are good at both encoding and decoding
Communication disorder
a diagnosed condition in which a person is unable to say correctly what they want to say (expressive language), and/ or is unable to understand some or most of what is being said (receptive language)
Communication Science
is an academic field that examines how people communicate as individuals, within a society, and in various cultures
Communication
-The process of sharing information between two or more persons through a common system of symbols, signs, and or behaviors
-The transmission of thought or feelings from the mind of speaker to the mind of the listener
