Lectures 1-6 Flashcards
Types of motor skills? (Based on movement organization)
Discrete
Serial
Continuous
Define components of a motor skill
Skill for which determinant of success is the quality of movement.
1) maximize certainty
2) minimize time
3) minimize energy
Types of motor skills based on environment?
Open & closed
Type of skills based on importance of elements?
Cognitive skills-success depends on quality of decision made
Motor skills- decision making minimized, motor control maximized
(Continuum)
3 components critical to motor skill?
- perceiving environment
- making decision
- organizing muscle movement/ program
What is response-chaining theory? (William James)
Once a movement is initiated, afferent feedback is used to continue it, w/out much thinking. ( only partially right, deafferented man who walks)
Explain the information-processing approach to understand motor performance
What is the information-processing approach for understanding motor performance?
What is the information-processing approach for understanding motor performance?
Explain the information-processing approach to understanding motor performance
-human compared to a computer
- turn input into an output
-has 3 stages:
stimulus identification
Response selection
Response programming
Describe stimulus identification stage
Mainly sensory information
Ex: smell, sight, touch, kinetics, sound
Identifying shapes, colours, patterns of movement
- sends some summary of stimulus to next stage, or determines no stimulus is present
Describe response selection stage
Decide what to do based on environment
Segway from input to output
Describe motor programming stage
Ready lower level mechanisms for movement in brain and spinal cord
Retrieve and organize a motor movement program
Information-processing approach is studied by examining duration of each stage, explain reaction time.
Reaction time: interval of time from the sudden stimulus to the beginning of movement initiation
- tells us how fast and effective someones decision making is
- is a sum of the 3 stages of processing times
Explain Donder’s stages of processing.
~Simple reaction- press any button when light is shown
=stimulus ID and motor response
~Go/no go reaction time- press button on green light, don’t press it on red light
=stimulus ID, stimulus discrimination & motor response
~Choice Reaction Time- lights shown, choose hit left or right button
= stimulus ID, stimulus discrimination, response choice & motor response
Simple - go/no = stimulus discrimination
Choice rxn- go/no = response choice time
Explain relationship of stimulus-response (S-R) alternative # to choice reaction time.
Choice RT: time interval between one of several stimulus presentations and the beginning of one of several possible responses
(RT: time from stimulus presentation, to beginning of movement)
More stimuli to chose from = longer choice RT
* foreperiod : time form warning signal to stimulusn
What is Hicks Law?
The relation btwn choice RT & log of S-R pairs is linear
- choice RT increases by a constant every time the # of S-R options doubles (ex: from 2 to 4, or 16 to 32).
- choice RT is linearly related to the amount of S-R options/ amount of information presented during the decision stage
What factors affect reaction time?
- Number of Stimulus-response pairs (doubling pairs produces constant increase in RT) HICKS LAW
- S-R compatibility (directional: turn wheel to right to turn right, spatial: light appears over left hand, push left button as opposed to right button)
- Population stereotypes
- Practice
- Anticipation
Types of anticipation?
Spatial/event- where will it be/go / which event will occur?
Temporal- when will it happen
Benefits of anticipation?
Costs.
Pros- some sports require you to predict and move before opponent in order to beat them
-zero reaction time, get you ahead
Cons- wrong predictions leave you behind because it takes longer to recover than it does to react- need more processing to recover than you would if you never anticipated
Three types of memory?
Short term sensory store (STSS)- holds endless amount of sensory information just long enough for some to be processed, lasts ~1sec
Short term memory (STM)- lasts ~30-max 60sec, holds 7+-2 items
Long term memory (LTM)- things you have committed to remembering through STM processing/ other techniques/repetition
Three criteria involved with attention?
Active selection of thing to attend to
Direction of active attention to process that thing
Attention is limited, only so much is available, therefore two tasks could take away from one another
(Must be able to shift from: -irrelevant, to relevant
-monitoring environment, correcting own actions, planning future actions)
When and under what conditions do stimulus/tasks interfere with one another in the information-processing stages?
Intentional and incidental sensory processing
Constant error
Directional bias/error
Average of all the error scores for each subject
Sum of the trials minus the target distance, divided by the # of trials
Variable error
Measure of subjects inconsistency about the mean
How much where the shots off from one another?
Each trial score minus the mean and squared then summed, divided by number of trails then squared rooted
Root mean square error
Calculates bias tendency (but not direction) and inconsistency of throws
Used in continuous tasks
- take scores from constant intervals on track, subtract distance from target, square this value, sum it with other points, divide by number of points and square root all
