Lectures 1-5 Flashcards
What are the general benefits of S&C?
Helps prevent injury Promotes healthy bones Improved posture Increased fitness Increase metabolism Psychological well-being
What are the athletic benefits of S&C?
Faster
Stronger
More mobile
What is muscular strength?
Muscles ability to exert force (on slides)
The maximum amount of force that a muscle can exert against some form of resistance in a single effort (google)
What is muscular endurance?
Sustained successive exertions (on slides)
The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated muscular contraction against a resistance for a prolonged period of time (google)
What is muscular power?
Ability to exert force per unit of time (e.g., rate of force development)
The ability to exert a maximal force in as short a time as possible
The proportion of people aged 60 and over is growing
Between 1970 and 2025, what is the predicted growth in older populations?
In 2025, how many people will be aged 60 and over?
(Ageing populations)
870 million / 380%
1.2 billion
Definition of ageing?
Ageing populations
The process of growing old
What is ageing?
Ageing populations
Complex and multidimensional phenomenon
Manifested differently between individuals throughout the lifespan
Highly conditional on interactions between genetic, environmental, behavioural, an demographic characteristics
Even with healthy ageing (ageing in the absence of disease), what can ageing lead to?
(Ageing populations)
Reductions in physiological resilience, often leading to:
Physical disability Mobility impairment Falls Decreased independence Decreased quality of life
What is ageing associated with in terms of skeletal muscle mass?
What is this called?
(Ageing populations)
A decline in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength
Sarcopenia
What is the age-related loss of muscle mass related to?
Ageing populations
The loss of innervating motor neurone and denervation of muscle fibres
Anatomical counts estimate what loss in motor neurons in upper and lower limbs?
How many muscle fibres to each of these neurons innervate?
(Ageing populations)
Upper: 35000 (Gesslbauer et al. 2017)
Lower: 60000 (Tomlinson & Irving, 1977)
each neuron innervates hundreds or thousands of muscle fibres
What may happen if a motor neuron is impaired or degraded during ageing?
(Ageing populations)
It’s muscle fibres may lose their innervation and will be vulnerable to apoptosis
What is apoptosis?
Ageing populations
The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development
Observational studies indicate what percentage of muscle mass is lost per year after the fourth decade of life?
(Ageing populations)
1%
What is the prevalence of Sarcopenia in:
Adults older than 60 years?
Adults older than 80 years?
(Ageing populations)
10%
50%
What is sarcopenia part of?
Ageing populations
The causal pathway for strength loss, disability, and morbidity in older adult populations
What is sarcopenia?
Ageing populations
The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as a result of ageing
What does evidence (Slide 13, lecture 2) link muscular weakness to?
(Ageing populations)
Diabetes Disability Cognitive decline Osteoporosis Changes in dynamic balance Movement coordination Early mortality
What must key strategies be with ageing populations?
Ageing populations
Preserving muscle mass which we lose with age
Strengthening bones to prevent osteoporosis
What is the NCSA position with helping ageing populations?
Ageing populations
Current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat muscle strength loss, sarcopenia and frailty
What has poor physical performance been shown to predict?
Ageing populations
Disability
Nursing home admission
Mortality
In community-dwelling older adults
What do strength and rate of change of strength contribute to?
(Ageing populations)
The impact of sarcopenia on mortality
What is muscular strength inversely and independently associated with?
(Ageing populations)
Death from all causes and cancer in men, even after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness and other potential cofounders