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Principles Of Strength And Conditioning > Lectures 1-5 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general benefits of S&C?

A 
Helps prevent injury
Promotes healthy bones
Improved posture
Increased fitness
Increase metabolism
Psychological well-being
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2
Q

What are the athletic benefits of S&C?

A

Faster
Stronger
More mobile

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3
Q

What is muscular strength?

A

Muscles ability to exert force (on slides)

The maximum amount of force that a muscle can exert against some form of resistance in a single effort (google)

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4
Q

What is muscular endurance?

A

Sustained successive exertions (on slides)

The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated muscular contraction against a resistance for a prolonged period of time (google)

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5
Q

What is muscular power?

A

Ability to exert force per unit of time (e.g., rate of force development)

The ability to exert a maximal force in as short a time as possible

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6
Q

The proportion of people aged 60 and over is growing

Between 1970 and 2025, what is the predicted growth in older populations?

In 2025, how many people will be aged 60 and over?

(Ageing populations)

A

870 million / 380%

1.2 billion

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7
Q

Definition of ageing?

Ageing populations

A

The process of growing old

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8
Q

What is ageing?

Ageing populations

A

Complex and multidimensional phenomenon

Manifested differently between individuals throughout the lifespan

Highly conditional on interactions between genetic, environmental, behavioural, an demographic characteristics

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9
Q

Even with healthy ageing (ageing in the absence of disease), what can ageing lead to?

(Ageing populations)

A

Reductions in physiological resilience, often leading to:

Physical disability
Mobility impairment
Falls
Decreased independence
Decreased quality of life
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10
Q

What is ageing associated with in terms of skeletal muscle mass?

What is this called?

(Ageing populations)

A

A decline in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength

Sarcopenia

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11
Q

What is the age-related loss of muscle mass related to?

Ageing populations

A

The loss of innervating motor neurone and denervation of muscle fibres

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12
Q

Anatomical counts estimate what loss in motor neurons in upper and lower limbs?

How many muscle fibres to each of these neurons innervate?

(Ageing populations)

A

Upper: 35000 (Gesslbauer et al. 2017)
Lower: 60000 (Tomlinson & Irving, 1977)

each neuron innervates hundreds or thousands of muscle fibres

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13
Q

What may happen if a motor neuron is impaired or degraded during ageing?

(Ageing populations)

A

It’s muscle fibres may lose their innervation and will be vulnerable to apoptosis

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14
Q

What is apoptosis?

Ageing populations

A

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

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15
Q

Observational studies indicate what percentage of muscle mass is lost per year after the fourth decade of life?

(Ageing populations)

A

1%

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of Sarcopenia in:

Adults older than 60 years?

Adults older than 80 years?

(Ageing populations)

A

10%

50%

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17
Q

What is sarcopenia part of?

Ageing populations

A

The causal pathway for strength loss, disability, and morbidity in older adult populations

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18
Q

What is sarcopenia?

Ageing populations

A

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as a result of ageing

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19
Q

What does evidence (Slide 13, lecture 2) link muscular weakness to?

(Ageing populations)

A 
Diabetes
Disability
Cognitive decline
Osteoporosis 
Changes in dynamic balance
Movement coordination
Early mortality
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20
Q

What must key strategies be with ageing populations?

Ageing populations

A

Preserving muscle mass which we lose with age

Strengthening bones to prevent osteoporosis

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21
Q

What is the NCSA position with helping ageing populations?

Ageing populations

A

Current research has demonstrated that countering muscle disuse through resistance training is a powerful intervention to combat muscle strength loss, sarcopenia and frailty

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22
Q

What has poor physical performance been shown to predict?

Ageing populations

A

Disability
Nursing home admission
Mortality

In community-dwelling older adults

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23
Q

What do strength and rate of change of strength contribute to?

(Ageing populations)

A

The impact of sarcopenia on mortality

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24
Q

What is muscular strength inversely and independently associated with?

(Ageing populations)

A

Death from all causes and cancer in men, even after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness and other potential cofounders

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25
Q

What percentage of people 65+ have sarcopenia?

How many Europeans are projected to have sarcopenia in 2045?

Ethgen et al. 2017

(Ageing populations)

A

10-20%

20-30 million

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26
Q

UK physical activity guidelines (adults and older adults), in terms of strength

(Ageing populations)

A

“To keep muscles, bones and joints strong”

Build strength on at least two days a week (e.g., resistance training, yoga etc)

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27
Q

UK physical activity guidelines (adults and older adults), in terms of duration of exercise

(Ageing populations)

A

At least 150 mins moderate intensity per week (E.g., swim, brisk walk, cycle)
Or
At least 75 mins vigorous intensity per week (e.g., run, stairs, sport)

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28
Q

UK physical activity guidelines (adults and older adults), other attempts that should be made

(Ageing populations)

A

Minimise sedentary time

Improve balance (for older adults to reduce chance of frailty and falls) (2 days a week)

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29
Q

What are the benefits of strength training?

Ageing populations

A

Increased muscle and bone mass, muscle strength, flexibility, dynamic balance, self-confidence, and self-esteem

Helps reduce symptoms of various chronic diseases such as arthritis, depression, type-2 diabetes, osteoporosis, sleep disorders and heart disease

In addition research (lecture 2, slide 18) demonstrates that strength training in older adults with functional limitations reduces falls

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30
Q

Despite known benefits of resistance training, only X% of older adults (75+ years) in US participate in muscle-strengthening activities as part of their leisure time (Fragala et al. 2019)

(Ageing populations)

A

8.7%

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31
Q

Reported barriers to participation in resistance exercise for older adults include:

(Ageing populations)

A 
Safety
Fear
Health concerns
Pain
Fatigue
Lack of social support
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32
Q

What is the evidence-based prescription? (Slide 21, lecture 2)

(Ageing populations)

A

Regular (2-3 days per week), intensity (70-85% of 1RM), volume (2-3 sets per exercise) of 1-2 multijoint exercises per major muscle group

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33
Q

With a periodised approach, resistance exercise results in what?

(Evidence-based prescription)

(Ageing populations)

A

Favourable neuromuscular adaptation in both health older adults and those with chronic conditions

Improve balance, preserve bone density, independence, reduce risk of numerous chronic diseases such as heart disease, arthritis

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34
Q

Favourable neuromuscular adaptation translate to what?

Ageing populations

A

Functional improvements of daily living activities, especially when power training exercise is included

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35
Q

Cautions with resistance training in older adults?

Ageing populations

A

Engaging in resistance exercise performed until exhaustion will increase blood pressure, HR and Q

Frailty in people older than 65 is high

Mobility limitations

Obesity

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36
Q

Classification of muscular tissue:

Cardiac muscle

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Striated
Branched cells
1-3 central nuclei
Involuntary

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37
Q

Classification of muscular tissue:

Skeletal muscle

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Striated
Elongated cells
Multinucleated cells
Voluntary

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38
Q

Classification of Muscular Tissue:

Smooth muscle

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Nonstriated
Single central nucleus
Involuntary

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39
Q

How many muscles in the human body?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

~660 skeletal muscle in human body

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40
Q

What % of total bodyweight is muscle mass

Muscle structure function lecture

A

40-45%

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41
Q

What are the largest cells in the body?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

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42
Q

How are skeletal muscle fibres created?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

By the fusion of many individual embryonic muscle cells

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43
Q

Mechanical roles of skeletal muscle

Muscle structure function lecture

A 
Generate force
Maintain posture
Produce movement
Maintain health
Independence
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44
Q

Metabolic roles of skeletal muscle

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Basal energy production
Storage for amino acids and CHO
Production of heat
Consumption of oxygen and fuel for physical activity & exercise

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45
Q

Factors that influence muscle actions responsible for force generation

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Structure and architecture
Fiber types
Excitation-contraction coupling
Energy release

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46
Q

Slide 7, lecture 3 for diagram of muscle structure

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Important

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47
Q

Connective tissues:

Epimysium

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Is the fibrous tissue envelope that surrounds skeletal muscle

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48
Q

Connective tissues:

Perimysium

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Is a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibres into bundles (anywhere between 10 and 100 or more) or fascicles

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49
Q

Connective tissues:

Endomysium

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Wispy later of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre, or muscle cell).
It also contain capillaries and nerves

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50
Q

Make up of a muscle fibre

Lecture 3, slide 9

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Important

Probably recap as well

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51
Q

What is the thin filament?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Actin

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52
Q

What is the thick filament?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Myosin

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53
Q

What is myosin (thick filament)

Muscle structure function lecture

A

A motor protein with the ability to create movement

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54
Q

What does each myosin contain?

And what is this?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

A smaller light chain & heavy chain

The motor domain

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55
Q

Which bit of myosin binds to ATP?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

The heavy chain

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56
Q

Why does the heavy chain of myosin bind to ATP?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Because the motor domain acts as an enzyme

It is considered a myosin ATPase

The heavy chain also contains a binding site for actin

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57
Q

What is actin? (Thin filament)

Muscle structure function lecture

A

A globular protein which polymerise to form long chains or filaments, called F-actin

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58
Q

Actin contains how many regulatory proteins?

What are they called?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Two

Troponin & tropomyosin

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59
Q

What do troponin and tropomyosin control?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

The interaction between actin and myosin

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60
Q

Where is troponin positioned?

What does it play a vital role in?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Every 7 actin molecules

Plays a vital role in calcium reception

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61
Q

Where is tropomyosin positioned?

What is its main function?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Distributed along the length of the actin filament, in the groove between 2 F-actin strands

Main function is to inhibit the coupling between actin and myosin

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62
Q

What do stochastic interactions of actin and myosin mean?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

That all sites aren’t bound

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63
Q

What % of crossbridges are formed in an isometric contraction?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

~30%

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64
Q

The cross bridge model is good for predicting what?

And not good for predicting what?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Isometric and concentric forces

But not eccentric contractions

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65
Q

What is Titin?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

A 3rd contractile protein? (Slide 23 lecture 3)

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66
Q

What is Titin?

What does it do?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

A huge elastic molecule and the largest known protein, composed of more than 25,000 amino acids

It connects the Z line to the neighbouring M line

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67
Q

What are the multiple roles of Titin?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Stabilises the position of the contractile filaments

Prevents overstretching of sarcomere

It’s elasticity returns stretched muscles to their resting length

It also has a very important role in eccentric force production - as a third force regulating myofilament in sarcomere

The Titin spring can also trigger mechanical signalling events in the myocytes leading to: enhances muscle protein degradation and activation of protein synthesis

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68
Q

Recap Titin slides in lecture 3

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Important

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69
Q

Titin has an emerging role in muscle function:

What does it do during muscle relaxation?

What does it do during muscle contraction?

What does this suggest ATP-driven motors also act as?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

It unwinds during relaxation

And folds during contraction

Latches, allowing Titin to fold, providing a powerful boost to muscle contraction

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70
Q

What is nebulin?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

It is an inelastic giant protein that lies alongside thin filaments and attaches to the Z disk

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71
Q

What are the proposed roles of Nebulin?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Helps align the actin filaments of the sarcomere

Regulated actin-myosin interactions by inhibiting ATPase activity in a calcium-calmodulin sensitive manner

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72
Q

What are cytoskeletal proteins

Muscle structure function lecture

A

A number of other proteins found in interior of a muscle fibre and in sarcomeres

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73
Q

What are the roles of cytoskeletal proteins?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Provide structural integrity

Allow lateral force transmission to adjacent sarcomeres

Connect myofibrils to cell membrane

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74
Q

Examples of cytoskeletal proteins

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Vinculin

Alpha and beta integrins

Dystrophin

Alpha-actinin

C-protein

Desmin

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75
Q

Where are satellite cells located? And what are they like?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Adult skeletal muscle

Are stem-like cells

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76
Q

Where are satellite cells located?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Between basement membrane and plasma membrane

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77
Q

What are satellite cells?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Undifferentiated myoglobin precursors that have self-renewal properties

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78
Q

What happens when satellite cells are activated by myogenic factors?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

Satellite cells proliferate and differentiate into new muscle fibres

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79
Q

Recap questions

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Slide 29, lecture 3

Crucial

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80
Q

Where are the longest muscle cells/fibres in the body?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

The legs

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81
Q

Where are the smallest muscle cells/fibres in the body?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Inner ear

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82
Q

What is found in the myofibril?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Actin & Myosin

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83
Q

How many myofibrils can be in the muscle fibre?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

100,000s

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84
Q

What is the muscle fibre wrapped in?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Endomysium

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85
Q

What is a sarcomere?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Functional unit of the muscle

Made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

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86
Q

How are sarcomeres bound?

What is found in the middle of this?

(Muscle structure function lecture)

A

By a Z disc

The M line

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87
Q

Look at A band, dark region of Z disc

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Important couple of slides

88
Q

Recap troponin C

A

Muscle structure function lecture

89
Q

What is nebulin?

Muscle structure function lecture

A

Acts to help with structure of troponin and tropomyosin

90
Q

What are the central pillars of S&C?

Intro lecture to module

A

Testing, monitoring & diagnostics to inform programmes

Planning & programming to maximise adaptation and optimise performance

Coaching to bring to life the programme in an appropriate climate aligned to the sport to maximise adaptations

91
Q

Important diagram that was a question last year, Slide 3 lecture 4

A

Muscle contraction, sarcomere length thing

92
Q

The force generated by the muscle directly depends on what?

Muscle contraction

A

The length of the muscle or sarcomere

93
Q

What is the optimum sarcomere length for maximum force to be generated in the muscle?

(Muscle contraction)

A

2-2.20 um (check what um is, lecture 4)

94
Q

What can we do to change the length of a muscle?

Muscle contraction

A

Contract it
Stretching
Move limbs

95
Q

If a muscle gets longer what happens to the sarcomere?

What is the result of this?

(Muscle contraction)

A

The sarcomere lengthens

Therefore, less able to lift things

96
Q

Equation for force

Muscle contraction

A

Force = mass X acceleration

97
Q

What is the sarcomere length?

Muscle contraction

A

The distance between the two Z-bands

98
Q

What is the plateau region in terms of sarcomere length (on the diagram)

(Muscle contraction)

A

The peak force that can be generated by a sarcomere

99
Q

What does optimal overlap of sarcomere actually mean (when sarcomere length at 2-2.20 um)

(Muscle contraction)

A

Highest chance for actin and myosin to bind

100
Q

What happens when the sarcomere length is at 3.65 um?

Muscle contraction

A

The distance where there is no overlap in the sarcomeres

101
Q

When are length-tension relationships obtained?

Muscle contraction

A

During isometric contractions

102
Q

The tension developed during a twitch is a direct reflection of what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

The length of individual sarcomeres before contraction begins

103
Q

The sliding filament theory predicts that the tension generated by a muscle fibre is directly proportional to what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

The number of cross bridges formed between the thick and thin filaments

104
Q

What is passive tension (passive length-tension curve)

Muscle contraction

A

Where no ATP is used, uses recoil

E.g. someone else stretching your muscle (passive stretching)

105
Q

How can you develop passive tension?

Muscle contraction

A

Touching your toes

Passive stretching

106
Q

Learn the passive length-tension curve

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4, slide 10

107
Q

When a muscle is slightly or moderately stretched, what contributes to most of the passive tension within the muscle?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Structural proteins (in particular Titin)

108
Q

When a muscle is more extensively stretched, what contributes to most of the passive tension within the muscle?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Extracellular connective tissues (especially those that compose the tendon)

109
Q

Does passive tension depend on active or volitional contraction?

(Muscle contraction)

A

No

110
Q

What is the critical length on the passive length-tension curve?

(Muscle contraction)

A

A point at which all of the relaxed tissue has been brought to an initial level of tension

111
Q

What happens after the critical length has been reached on the passive length-tension curve?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Tension progressively increases until the muscle reaches levels of very high stiffness

112
Q

What can eventually happen during extreme levels of stiffness during passive tension?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Tissue eventually ruptures or fails

113
Q

Useful purposes of passive tension within stretched muscles

Muscle contraction

A

Moving or stabilising a joint against the forces of gravity, physical contact or other activated muscles

114
Q

Look at total length tension curve

Muscle contraction

A

Slide 10, lecture 4

115
Q

What is the total length-tension curve

Muscle contraction

A

The active length-tension curve, when combined with the passive length-tension curve

116
Q

What does the total length-tension curve show?

Muscle contraction

A

Why eccentric training is very beneficial and why eccentric loading is very damaging (in a good way) to the muscle

117
Q

What does Herzog (2018) say about Titin

Muscle contraction

A

Plays a key role in development of passive & active tension within the muscle

118
Q

Does active and passive tension generated the same forces?

Muscle contraction

A

No, some forces generated during passive tension actually exceed that of active tension

119
Q

Recap slide 12

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4

120
Q

Slides 13 & 14 and PE BOOK

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4

121
Q

Definition of plasticity

Muscle contraction

A

The ability of a muscle fibre to change its phenotype or the qualities within that muscle (e.g. from type I to type II)

122
Q

What are the longest cells in the body?

Muscle contraction

A

Muscle fibres

123
Q

What plays a major role in phenotype alteration?

Muscle contraction

A 
Innervation
Mechanical loading (training)
Unloading (injury)
Corticosteroids 
Hormone profile
Ageing
124
Q

What are hybrid fibres?

What happens to these during ageing?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Single muscle fibres that may express more than one type of myosin chain simultaneously

The volume of these increases during training

125
Q

What myogenic transcription factors play a role in the synthesis of muscle proteins that are specific for each muscle fibre type?

(Muscle contraction)

A

MyoD

Myogenin

126
Q

The process of fibre differentiation is influenced by what?

Muscle contraction

A

MyoD and myogenin
Levels of thyroid hormones
Activity pattern of peripheral nerves

127
Q

Learn Buller study

Muscle contraction

A

Slide 16, lecture 4

128
Q

What did Buller et al (1960)’s study show

Muscle contraction

A

Shows neurons have an important role to play in the contractile properties of the muscle

129
Q

Why are some muscle fibres at an angle?

Muscle contraction

A

Can pack more muscle fibres into the area, so can generate greater forces

130
Q

Different type of muscle architecture

Muscle contraction

A

Slide 17, lecture 4

131
Q

What do the myofibres in fusiform muscles cause?

Muscle contraction

A

Force production to occur directly at the tendon

132
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranges in fusiform muscle?

Muscle contraction

A

Parallel

133
Q

The parallel arrangement of fusiform muscles allows for what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Fast muscle shortening

134
Q

In pennate muscle, fascicle angle effects what?

Muscle contraction

A

Force transmission and shortening velocity

135
Q

High intensity strength training causes increase in what in pennate muscle?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Increase in pennation angle
Enhances muscle ability to pack more sarcomeres and myofibres
Thereby, increasing cross-sectional area

136
Q

What does being able to pack more muscle fibres into an area (pennate muscle) increase, which compensated for what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Increases force-generating capacity if the muscle

Compensating for loss in force transmission due to increases in pennation angle

137
Q

How is pennation angle measured?

Muscle contraction

A

By determining the average angle of the fibres relative to the axis of force generation of the muscle

138
Q

Slide 20, lecture 4

Muscle contraction

A

For trigonometry to work out pennation angle

139
Q

How do you work out pennation angle?

Muscle contraction

A

Using trigonometry

140
Q

Definition of muscle length?

Muscle contraction

A

The distance from the origin of the most proximal muscle fibres to the insertion of the most distal fibres

141
Q

What is the physiological cross sectional area?

Muscle contraction

A

Represents the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all the muscle fibres within the muscle

142
Q

Physiological cross sectional area is the only architectural parameter that is directional proportional to what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

The maximum tetanus tension generated by the muscle

143
Q

A muscle with a pennation angle of 30 degrees transmits what % through the tendon?

Why?

(Muscle contraction)

A

86%

The cosine of 30 degrees is 0.86

144
Q

Most human muscles have pennation angles that range from what to what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

0-30 degrees

145
Q

Different scenarios

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4, slide 22-23

146
Q

Which muscles best suited for force speed slide

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4, slide 24

147
Q

A simple fusiform muscle model shows that fibres in the outer region of the muscle are likely to undergo what type of strain, compared to those in the inner region of the muscle?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Lower strains

148
Q

A simple pennate muscle model predicts that the fibres with a lower pennation angle will undergo what?

(Muscle contraction)

A

Larger strains for a given amount of muscle shortening

149
Q

Recap questions

Muscle contraction

A

Lecture 4, slide 27

150
Q

Does a whole muscle just contraction at the same time?

Neural control of human movement

A

No, subdivisions are activated individually eventually forming a collective at very high intensities

151
Q

Why is there a higher density of neurons in areas such as the hands and face?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

Need greater dexterity in those areas

152
Q

What is the motor cortex?

Neural control of human movement

A

The part of the brain that drives muscular contraction

Without motor cortex, can’t actually initiate contraction of the muscle

153
Q

How do the cerebral and motor cortex’s work together?

Neural control of human movement

A

Cerebral is integration of all the info, motor cortex is the thing that executed the demand to contract or not

154
Q

A stimulus can be processed at varying different levels of the CNS, what are the 5 main levels of control?

(Neural control of human movement)

A 
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum 
Brain stem
Spinal cord
155
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex level of control in the CNS

Neural control of human movement

A

Highest level of control - contains motor cortex

156
Q

Describe the basal ganglia level of control in the CNS

Neural control of human movement

A

Controls posture and balance

157
Q

Describe the cerebellum level of control in the CNS

Neural control of human movement

A

Major integrator of sensory info, controls timing

158
Q

Describe the brain stem level of control in the CNS

Neural control of human movement

A

Integrates all CNS activity

159
Q

Describe the spinal cord level of control in the CNS

Neural control of human movement

A

Pathway between CNS and PNS, it functions with both specific and complex control

160
Q

Effective application of force during relatively complex movements depends on what?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

A series of coordinated neuromuscular patterns

161
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

Neural control of human movement

A

Brain and spinal cord

162
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?

Neural control of human movement

A

Nerves that transmit information to and from the CNS

163
Q

Slide 7/8/9

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5

164
Q

Make up of spinal cord

Neural control of human movement

A 
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Coccygeal nerves (1 pair)
165
Q

What are the two descending pathways travelled by the axons of Betz cells

(Neural control of human movement)

A

Corticospinal tract

Corticobulbar tract

166
Q

How would you describe the axons of the corticobulbar tract?

Neural control of human movement

A

Ipsilateral

167
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

Neural control of human movement

A

The side of the brain activated correlates to the side of the body functioning

Right->right
Left->left

168
Q

How would you describe the axons of the corticospinal tract?

Neural control of human movement

A

Largely contralateral (75-90%)

169
Q

What does contralateral mean

Neural control of human movement

A

Right part brain = left side of body

170
Q

What is the defining landmark of the medullary-spinal border?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

The pyramidal decussation

171
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Neural control of human movement

A

The part of the motor unit that interacts with the muscle

172
Q

The somatic nervous system provides output strictly to what?

Neural control of human movement

A

Skeletal muscles

173
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion is characterised by what?

Neural control of human movement

A

Flaccid paralysis - loss of muscle tone

174
Q

Upper motor neuron lesion is what?

Neural control of human movement

A

Spastic paralysis - paralysis accompanies by severe hypertonia (disordered spinal reflexes)

175
Q

Diagram of motor unit

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5, slide 13

176
Q

Definition of action potential

Neural control of human movement

A

The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell

177
Q

Lecture action potential diagram

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5, slide 15

178
Q

Are all neurons stimulated to form action potentials as quick as each other?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

No, some neurons can be stimulated much faster (sensory neurons) but others are more powerful (motor neurons)

179
Q

Learn diagram of neuron

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5, slide 16

180
Q

Does one neuron interact with one muscle fibre?

Neural control of human movement

A

No, as there would be too many neurons then

181
Q

Definition of a motor unit

Neural control of human movement

A

It is the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibres innervatrd by that motor neurons axonal terminals

(Motor neuron & muscle fibres it controls)

182
Q

What do we have in order to co-ordinate the contraction of all muscle fibres?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

Motor units

183
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

Neural control of human movement

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

184
Q

Can you have a motor unit that is part type I fibre and part type II fibre?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

No

185
Q

What is heterogeneity

Neural control of human movement

A

Effectively means difference

186
Q

When we talk about different properties of a muscle fibre, what is this actually relating to?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

The motor unit

187
Q

What is the all or none principal?

Neural control of human movement

A

Regardless of number, individual muscle fibres within a given motor unit will either fire & contract maximally or not at all

(Either all muscle fibres contract or none do)

188
Q

What is Henneman’s size principle

Neural control of human movement

A

Under load, motor units are recruited from smallest to largest. Therefore, it is suggested that slow-twitch, low force, fatigue resistant muscle fibres are activated before fast-twitch, high force, less fatigue-resistant muscle fibres

189
Q

Learns terms such as afferent and efferent

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5

190
Q

Spinal stretch reflex

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5, when someone taps your knee on your tendon and your leg to move

191
Q

What is the spinal stretch reflex?

Neural control of human movement

A

A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle

192
Q

What is the H-reflex? (Hoffman reflex)

Neural control of human movement

A

The electrical analogue to the spinal stretch reflex (SSR)

It is a neurological examination

193
Q

How does the H-reflex work?

Neural control of human movement

A

Instead of actually stretching the muscle with a hammer to lengthen the tendon, you electrically activate the muscle itself, using a stimulator

194
Q

What does the H-reflex allow assessment of?

Neural control of human movement

A

Issues in corticospinal tract

Can also be used to see if an individual has recovered from injury

195
Q

How does the threshold compare for motor axons and sensory neurons? And why is this?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

Motor axons is higher than sensory neurons due to the layers smaller size

196
Q

What is the primary difference between the H-reflex and the spinal stretch reflex?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

The H-reflex bypasses the muscle spindle

197
Q

Exam question:

Explain the H-reflex and what is represents?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

??? Lecture 5

198
Q

What is Hmax?

Neural control of human movement

A

A measure of maximal reflex activation

199
Q

Example, slide 24

Neural control of human movement

A

Lecture 5

200
Q

What is the purpose of the H-reflex?

Neural control of human movement

A

Activating sensory and motor neurons to look at ??

201
Q

What physiological pathway are you initiating by activating the sensory neurons?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

The monosynaptic reflex activity in the spinal cord

202
Q

Slide 23, lecture 5

Neural control of human movement

A

Learn diagrams - important slide

203
Q

What is monosynaptic reflex activity?

Neural control of human movement

A

Where on neuron synapses on another neuron to communicate that response without any further integration

204
Q

Why is understanding the loop important?

Why is this useful for monitoring training status?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

The speed at which it occurs tells you how quick the monosynaptic reflex activity occurs
The size of it also gives info as to how much muscle activity you can actually exert in that muscle

Neural adaptations occur first during strength straining
Helpful to monitor progress

205
Q

Why is Hmax useful during the rehab process?

Neural control of human movement

A

In order to assess when Hmax has returned back to norm

206
Q

When might Max decrease?

Neural control of human movement

A

If the athlete has been bed bound for a long period of time

207
Q

Process of neural conduction

Neural control of human movement

A

As membrane potential increases, sodium channels open (more goes into cell)
Then potassium channels open (more goes out)
This leads to increase in positively charged ions which leads to depolarisation
Sodium channels close at peak of action potential
Potassium continues to leave the cells leading to repolarisation and an overshoot hyperpolarisation

208
Q

What is the frequency of action potentials called?

Neural control of human movement

A

Firing rate

209
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

Neural control of human movement

A

Activation of muscle fibre allows calcium to move into the muscle and initiate cross-bridge cycling

210
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Neural control of human movement

A

A specialised form of endoplasmic reticulum

211
Q

Functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Neural control of human movement

A

1 - intracellular calcium storage

2 - release and uptake of calcium associated with muscle contraction

212
Q

Release of calcium plays a major role in what?

Neural control of human movement

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

213
Q

What conducts electrical signals from the sarcolemmal surface to the interior of the muscle fibre and closely interact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

(Neural control of human movement)

A

Transverse T tubules

214
Q

Recap questions

Neural control of human movement

A

Slide 28, lecture 5

215
Q

Focus on

Neural control of human movement

A

Motor units
Hennemans size principal
Some stuff round Hoffman reflex

216
Q

What does the A band represent?

A

The overlap between the thick filaments and thin filaments

Principles Of Strength And Conditioning (5 decks)

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